Reference Reauirements for Posting Movie Picture

Referencing for students: RMIT Harvard style

Using Harvard

Introduction to Harvard

Important: this is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:

Confirm referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer
Use Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton QLD. to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication.

Harvard is an author-date referencing style.

Harvard style requires in-text references and the reference list.

In-text references appear within the body of the document. They include the author(s) family name and the year of publication, with extra details if required, such as page numbers.

A reference list provides full details of all in-text references at the end of the document.

Additional resources

Download the RMIT University Harvard referencing guide (DOCX, 50.8 KB) from the

Referencing guides for printing list Opens in new window

Using Harvard

General rules for in-text references

Use in-text references to acknowledge each author or source of information (print or online) used within your writing either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.
In-text reference details include the author(s) family name (or company or organisation name, if the author is a company or organisation) and year of publication, with extra information if required, such as page numbers.
An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. If the author is integrated as part of the sentence, only the date (and page number for direct quote) is in parentheses immediately after the author's name.
Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in parentheses. For example: (Lewis & Lewis 2015). Use the full word 'and' when mentioning an author(s) in a sentence. For example: Lewis and Lewis (2015) ... .
When a work has two or three authors, always list all author(s) names every time the reference occurs in the text.
When a work has four or more authors, list the first author(s) name followed by et al. For example: Haslam et al. (2013) ... or (Haslam et al. 2013).
If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work.
If the publication date of a reference is unknown, use n.d.
If the publication date is unknown but can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text then use c. (meaning 'circa') before the year

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s).

Do not overuse direct quotes.

Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. Abbreviate the word paragraph to para. with a period afterward.

If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots (...) and another space. For example: Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas ... will require coherent change strategies'.

An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.

Beginning of a sentence

Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas as hazard reduction, resource use, waste, pollution, etc. will require coherent change strategies'.

Middle of a sentence

In a post about the emotions involved in undertaking a literature review, the Thesis Whisper (2013, para. 16) notes that 'elation when you realise you know more than your supervisor about your topic and you feel brave enough to argue about it' is one of the top five PhD emotions.

End of a sentence

'Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries' (Hosany & Martin 2012, Managerial implications section).

Block quotations

Quotes of more than 30 words in length are known as block quotations.

Block quotes need to start on a new line, be indented from the text margin and set in smaller text size without single inverted commas (quotation marks).

At the end of the quote, include the reference details such as author name, year and page number(s) in parentheses.

Khoo's PhD research project in the area of architecture investigated:

the application of alternative multifunctional material systems with possible form-changing and responsive capacities. These are integrated with physical computational processes for responsive morphing architectural design as an 'integrated' and 'synergetic' entity identical to single moulded devices such as the solid-state door handles developed by the automobile industry (2013, p. 10).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

An in-text reference can be inserted at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.

Beginning of a sentence

Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business groups on the economy.

Middle of a sentence

Based on the novel of the same name, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2010) follows the relationship between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky.

End of a sentence

The City of Melbourne's population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June 2013 (Martin 2014).

Using Harvard

Multiple works by the same author(s) in the same year

Identify works by the same author in the same year by adding letters a, b, c, and so forth, to the year in both the in-text reference and the reference list entry.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Jamison (1991a, 1991b) provides chiropractic information for diagnosing and health promotion.

Reference list entry

In the reference list, identify works by the same author(s) in the same year by adding letters a, b, c, and so forth to the year (for example: 1991a).

Try to identify the sequence in which the works were published. If the sequence cannot be determined, put the references in alphabetical order by title.

Jamison, JR 1991a, Diagnostic decision making in clinical practice, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

Jamison, JR 1991b, Health promotion for chiropractic practice, Aspen, Gaithersburg, MD.

Using Harvard

Referencing Works by different first authors with the same family name

In a single document, to identify works by different first authors with the same family name insert the initials of the first author's given name(s).

It is argued that ... (Fitzgerald, B 2010) but A. Fitzgerald and Eliades (2015) claim that ... .

Reference list entry

In the reference list, order works by different first authors with the same family name by the year of publication.

Fitzgerald, A & Eliades, D 2015, Introduction to property law, Thomson Reuters, Pyrmont, NSW.

Fitzgerald, B 2010, 'Creative commons', Telecommunication Journal of Australia, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 63.1-63.18.

Using Harvard

Multiple references in the same parentheses

When including two or more references in the same parentheses in a sentence, list all references alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon (;).

It has been claimed that… (Carroll 2012; Chalkley et al. 2012; Kuratko, Goldsby & Hornsby 2012).

Using Harvard

Personal communication

Include personal communication, such as face-to-face interviews, conversations, telephone calls, letters or emails, in an in-text reference.

Information about personal communication must be included in the in-text reference. Include the type of personal communication (for example: personal conversation, email, interview, telephone conversation) and the date in a date-month-year format.

Personal conversation can be abbreviated to pers. conv. and a telephone conversation can be abbreviated to tel. conv.

However, personal communication references do not need to be included in the reference list.

My field placement supervisor commented '… ' (CM Burns 2014, pers. conv., 20 April).

Ms Merrick (Melville Shire Council CEO) confirmed the details by email on 25 April 2014.

Using Harvard

Secondary citation

Use a secondary citation to acknowledge the work of an author(s) that has been directly quoted or paraphrased in another author(s) work.

In the in-text reference, include the original source of information and the source you have used. For example, if an article by Hosany and Martin cites Heath and Scott, refer to both Heath & Scott and Hosany & Martin.

Early research indicated... (Heath & Scott, cited in Hosany & Martin 2012).

Heath and Scott (cited in Hosany & Martin 2012) claim that...

In the reference list, include only the source you have used. In this example, you would only need to include the Hosany and Martin reference.

Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, 'Self-image congruence in consumer behavior', Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691.

Using Harvard

General rules for the reference list

Use a reference list at the end of the document to include the publication details of all the in-text references within your writing.
Start a reference list on a new page using the heading References or Reference List.
List only references included in your writing.
If your lecturer/teacher or supervisor has also requested a bibliography, list any other sources that you have read but not included in your writing under a heading of Bibliography.
The reference list is arranged alphabetically by the family name of the author. If the author of a reference is a company or organisation, list the reference based on the first letter of the company or organisation name.
If there are multiple entries by the same author, then arrange chronologically starting with the earliest year of publication.
If there are several authors with the same family name, then arrange alphabetically by initials.
If the author of a reference is unknown, list the reference based on the title of the work.
If the publication date of a reference is unknown, use n.d.
If the publication date is unknown but can be reliably estimated or inferred from the text then use c. (meaning 'circa') before the year.

Place of publication

If there is no place of publication use n.p. (for 'no place').

If the place of publication is not commonly known (for example: Harlow) or the place of publication could be located in two or more countries, additional information is required.

For Australia and the United States, add the abbreviated name of the State.

Fitzroy, VIC or Delmar, NY

For the United Kingdom, add the abbreviation UK.

Harlow, UK

For other countries, add the name of the country.

Using Harvard

Example of a reference list

Below is an example of a reference list displaying various resource types including a book, DVD, journal article, legislation, newspaper article, report, social media entry and thesis.

Reference List

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia's progress: summary indicators, cat. no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.

Carney, S 2012, 'Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers', The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27 September 2016, ProQuest database.

Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan Kounen.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).

Jamison, JR 1991a, Diagnostic decision making in clinical practice, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

Jamison, JR 1991b, Health promotion for chiropractic practice, Aspen, Gaithersburg, MD.

Khoo, CK 2013, 'Morphing architecture with responsive material systems', PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.

Lewis, B & Lewis, J 2015, Health communication: a media and cultural studies approach, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education: the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.

'Tackling knife crime' 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.

Taylor, CM, Karunaratne, CV & Xie, N 2012, 'Glycosides of hydroxyproline: some recent, unusual discoveries', Glycobiology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 757-767.

World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables, World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014, <http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.

Book

Book with one author

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

Cannon (2012, p. 165) argues that 'changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas as hazard reduction, resource use, waste, pollution, etc. will require coherent change strategies'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

It is argued that strategies will need to be implemented to change how the areas of hazard reduction, waste and pollution are managed (Cannon 2012).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List the author details as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initial of the author's given name(s).
Italicise the title of the book.
Include the name of the publisher and the place of publication.

Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility: governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.

Books

Book with an edition number

For a book with an edition number, add the number and the abbreviation 'edn' after the title of the book.

There is no need to include edition information if a book is a first edition, or if no edition is mentioned.

Reference list entry

Cannon, T 2012, Corporate responsibility: governance, compliance and ethics in a sustainable environment, 2nd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.

Book

Book whose author is an organisation

Where the author is an organisation, use the name of the organisation as the author.

Direct quote

It is critical to 'get the policy settings right so that the private sector is able to resume its position and take over from government as the primary driver of economic growth' (Business Council of Australia 2010, p. 7).

Paraphrase

Business Council of Australia (2010) is in favour of stopping the stimulus and increasing productivity through job creation.

Reference list entry

Business Council of Australia 2010,Balancing act: fiscal and policy priorities to support growth: BCA budget submission 2010-11, Business Council of Australia, Melbourne.

Book

Book with no known author

In place of the author, reference the book title and the year. Italicise the book title.

Direct quote

Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is 'a major provider of international education and training services'.

Paraphrasing

Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004).

Reference list entry

If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the book (italicised), followed by the year, publisher and place of publication.

Higher education in Australia: the facts 2004, Business/Higher Education Round Table, Fitzroy, VIC.

Book with multiple authors

List authors in the order they are listed in the book.

Two or three authors

Use the full word 'and' when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

Lewis and Lewis (2015, p. 4) argue 'that the media is implicated in all health promotion strategies'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

To assist with health promotion, health care workers need an understanding of the media (Lewis & Lewis 2015).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Italicise the title of the book.
Include the name of the publisher and the place of publication.

Lewis, B & Lewis, J 2015, Health communication: a media and cultural studies approach, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Four or more authors

For in-text citations, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year.

Direct quote

Haslam et al. (2013, p. 78) argues 'that wealth accumulation matters, because it provides the financial foundation upon which to secure income...'.

Paraphrasing

Accounting numbers are used as a managerial tool (Haslam et al. 2013).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List all authors as they appear on the title page of the book. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Italicise the title of the book.
Include the name of the publisher and the place of publication.

Haslam, C, Andersson, T, Tsitsianis, N & Yin, YP 2013, Redefining business models: strategies for a financialized world, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.

Multiple books by the same author

Order the citations of two or more works by placing the publication years after the author name in chronological order.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The adoption of creative industries has been driven by policy disclosure (Flew 2013, 2014).

Reference list entry

Arrange works by the same author by year of publication, with the earliest year first. Use the initial of the author's given name(s).

Flew, T 2013, Global creative industries, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.

Flew, T 2014, New media, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne.

Books

Generally, an edited book includes chapters written by different authors.

Book chapter

When using a book chapter in an in-text reference, use the author(s) details of the chapter and not the editor(s) details of the book.

If there is no chapter author, use the title of the chapter instead of the author details in the in-text reference and in the reference list.

If you use an edited book (where the chapters have no identifying author(s) details) in an in-text reference, use the editor(s) family name(s) as the author(s).

Direct quote in-text

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

'Business groups have been seen as both the powerhouses behind Japanese industrialization and the culprits behind Japan's decade-long inertia' (Ahmadjian 2006, p. 29).

Paraphrasing in-text

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Ahmadjian (2006) noted that there has been disagreement over the influence of Japanese business groups on the economy.

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

Use (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
Use the editor(s) name with initials before the family name (for example: S Chang).
Enclose the chapter title in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
After the chapter title, insert the word 'in' before the name of the editor(s).
Add page numbers after the place of publication.

Ahmadjian, CL 2006, 'Japanese business groups: continuity in the face of change', in S Chang (ed.), Business groups in East Asia: financial crisis, restructuring, and new growth, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 29-51.

Edited book

Generally, an edited book will only appear in a bibliography list. A bibliography is used to list any other sources that you have read but not included in your writing. Check with your lecturer/teacher or supervisor if you need to provide a bibliography.

In the bibliography list, for an edited book, add (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.

If you have used an edited book as part of an in-text reference and need to add the book details to a reference list, use the same format as the bibliography list entry.

If the role of editor (compiler, reviser or translator) is important to the work cite the work by their name rather than the author' names.

If the author's role remains of primary importance to the work cite the work using the author's name and acknowledge the editor (compiler, reviser or translator) in the reference list.

If there is no author, use the name of the editor (compiler, reviser or translator).

Use the abbreviations ed., eds, comps, rev. and trans. as appropriate.

Bibliography list entry

Lubkin, IM & Larsen, PD (eds) 2013, Chronic illness: impact and interventions, 8th edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, MA.

Books

E-books with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed books.

E-book from a Library database [HTML format]

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading or chapter number. The word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.

'A contested concept like online game addiction has many stakeholders, and academic discourse is only one of many that influence how we think about this topic' (Karlsen 2013, p. 29).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The topic of online gaming addiction can be considered through academic disclosure and other stakeholders (Karlsen 2013).

Reference list entry

For e-books in HTML format and sourced from RMIT University Library databases, use the name of the e-book collection (for example: ProQuest Ebook Central database) instead of the place of publication.

Karlsen, F 2013, A world of excesses: online games and excessive playing, Routledge, ProQuest Ebook Central database.

For e-books sourced from e-readers, replace the place of publication with the name of the e-reader device (for example: Kindle).

E-book from a website [HTML format]

Direct quote

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a chapter number and/or section heading, and a paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para. and the word chapter can be abbreviated to ch.

Shann (1948, ch. 1, para. 2) argues that 'neither legal restrictions nor isolation made the "settlers from convicts" better able to read the riddle of agriculture in a climate fruitful at times but fatally capricious'.

Paraphrasing

The work by Shann (1948) provides a history of Australia's economy at the time of Governor Phillip.

Reference list entry

For e-books in HTML format and sourced from the internet, add the viewed date (for example: viewed 16 November 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) rather than the place of publication.

Shann, E 1948, An economic history of Australia, Cambridge University Press, viewed 16 November 2016, <http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1300861h.html#ch-0>.

Books

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author

If there is no author, cite the encyclopedia or dictionary title and the year. Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.

An encyclopedia or dictionary entry without an author does not need to be included in the reference list.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.

The ABC system is used 'to explain the genetic control of floral organ determination during flower development' (Dictionary of biology 2014, ABC model entry).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

During flower development, the ABC model is often used to explain how four genes can change a flower organ into another form (Dictionary of biology 2014).

Reference list entry

No entry needed in the reference list.

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry with an author

Direct quote

If no page number is available, add the title of the entry.

'Focused reflection is a key element of most action research models. One activity essential to reflection is referred to as metacognition, or thinking about thinking' (Adams 2010, Action research entry).

Paraphrasing

When undertaking action research, the researcher reflects on the research process and what has been learnt in practice (Adams 2010).

Reference list entry

In your reference list:

Enclose the title of the entry in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Italicise the encyclopedia or dictionary title.
If the encyclopedia or dictionary is edited, use the editor's name with initials before the family name (for example: NJ Salkind). Use (ed.) for a single editor and (eds) for two or more editors.
After the encyclopedia or dictionary title, insert the word 'in' before the name of the editor(s).

Adams, P 2010, 'Action research', in NJ Salkind (ed.) Encyclopedia of research design, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.

For an encyclopedia or dictionary in HTML format and sourced from an RMIT University Library database, use the name of the database (for example: Oxford Reference database) instead of the place of publication.

Books

As details will vary for brochures, exhibition catalogues or pamphlets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

If there is no author, cite the publication title and the year. Italicise the publication title.

Brochure or pamphlet

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading.

'Co-tenancy is the most common type of shared housing arrangement' (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Co-tenancy section).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The shared household fact sheet provides information for people sharing a house or unit (Tenants Union of Victoria 2010).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Provide a description of the document type. For example: brochure.
If there is no author, the publication title should be listed first. Italicise the publication title. Include publisher and place of publication information (if available).

Tenants Union of Victoria 2010, Shared households, pamphlet, Tenants Union of Victoria, Fitzroy, VIC.

Exhibition catalogue

Direct quote

Di Trocchio et al. (2011, p. 9) state that 'ManStyle is the first exhibition in Australia to focus on international and Australian men's fashion from the eighteenth century to the present'.

Paraphrasing

A traditional style of suit is the double-breasted pinstripe in navy (Di Trocchio et al. 2011).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Provide a description of the document type.
If possible, add the exhibition dates after the document type. For example: exhibition catalogue, 11 March - 27 November.
If there is no author, the publication title should be listed first. Italicise the publication title. Include publisher and place of publication information (if available).

Di Trocchio, P, Jocic, L, Leong, R, Somerville, K & Whitfield, D 2011, Manstyle: men + fashion, exhibition catalogue, 11 March - 27 November, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne.

Journal articles

Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.

If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)).

Journal article with a single author

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

Fazel (2015, p. 260) found that 'a key moment of adjustment for refugee and asylum seeking students lies in the process of recognition by peers'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Having mental health services based in schools can be beneficial for refugee students in adjusting to a new life (Fazel 2015).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List the author details as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of the author's given name(s).
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers after the volume and issue details (if supplied).

Fazel, M 2015, 'A moment of change: facilitating refugee children's mental health in UK schools', International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 41, pp. 255-261.

If there is no author(s), begin the reference list citation with the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) followed by the year, Journal title (italicised), volume, issue (if supplied), page details.

`Tackling knife crime' 2010, The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.

Journal articles

Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.

Journal article with two or three authors

For two or three authors, use the full word 'and' when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

'Sustainability engineering can be broadly defined as the integration of sustainability issues in the various activities associated with engineering practice' (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012, p. 50).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

In engineering, the definition of sustainable development will change as different interpretations of the concept are utilised (Gagnon, Leduc & Savard 2012).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List all authors as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers after the volume and issue details (if supplied).

Gagnon, B, Leduc, R & Savard, L 2012, 'From a conventional to a sustainable engineering design process: different shades of sustainability', Journal of Engineering Design, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 49-74.

Journal articles

Journal articles with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are referenced in the same way as printed journal articles.

Journal article with four or more authors

For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

'Provide scientists and scientific institutions with insights into the ingredients of successful social media engagement in science communication' (Hwong et al. 2017, p. 480).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Hwong et al. (2017) found that using photographs, videos and hashtags on Twitter is beneficial when engaging with the science community.

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List all authors as they appear on the title page of the journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks). Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers after the volume and issue details (if supplied).

Hwong, Y-L, Oliver, C, Van Kranedonk, M, Sammut, C & Seroussi, Y 2017, 'What makes you tick? The psychology of social media engagement in space science communication', Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 68, pp. 480-492.

Journal article

Article from a Library online database [HTML format]

Articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as articles from printed journals.

For two or three authors, use the full word 'and' when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.

For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference.

If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)).

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

'Results broadly apply to managers in the tourism, hospitality, and service industries' (Hosany & Martin 2012, Managerial implications section).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The expectation of tourists ... (Hosany & Martin 2012).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List all authors as they appear in the journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Italicise the journal title.
Include page numbers if available after the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 May 2012) and the database name (for example: ProQuest database) after the page numbers (if available).

Hosany, S & Martin, D 2012, 'Self-image congruence in consumer behavior', Journal of Business Research, vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 685-691, viewed 27 May 2012, Elsevier SD Freedom Collection database.

Journal articles

Article from a webpage [HTML format]

For two or three authors, use the full word 'and' when mentioning authors in a sentence. Use an ampersand (&) when listing authors in round brackets.

For four or more authors, give only the first author's family name, followed by "et al." and the publication year in the in-text reference.

If there is no author(s), reference the title of the article and the year. Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks) (for example (`Tackling knife crime' 2010)).

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

Ogilvy (2011, para. 13) is 'less concerned with the means, or with issues of equity, than with the aspiration in the first place'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Ogilvy (2011) suggests that the tools and techniques for human enhancement need to be selected more carefully.

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

List all authors as they appear in the journal article. Use the initial of each authors' given name(s). Use an ampersand (&) to separate the last two authors.
Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Italicise the journal title.
Include the volume and issue details (if supplied).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the volume and issue details (if supplied).

Ogilvy, J 2011, 'Human enhancement and the computational metaphor', Journal of Evolution & Technology, vol. 22, no. 1, viewed 11 June 2012, <http://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm>.

Newspaper articles

Printed newspaper article with no author

If there is no author, reference the newspaper title and the date and year (for example: 2 October 2016). Italicise the newspaper title.

A newspaper article without an author does not need to be included in the reference list.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

'Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services' (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016, p. 25).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Aged care providers are starting to introduce new fee schemes in response to changes to Federal government funding (The Sunday Age 2 October 2016).

Reference list entry

No entry needed in the reference list.

Printed newspaper article with a known author

Direct quote

'Australians are piling into Melbourne's central business district at a record rate' (Martin 2014, p. 2).

Paraphrasing

The City of Melbourne's population increased by 10.5 percent in the period between July 2012 and June 2013 (Martin 2014).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Italicise the newspaper title.
Include the publication date (for example: 7 April) and page number(s) after the newspaper title.

Martin, P 2014, 'Melbourne tops nation's growth rate: population record rise in city dwellers', The Age, 7 April, p. 2.

Newspaper articles

Newspaper article from a Library database [HTML format]

Newspaper articles from Library databases with full-page format/imaging (PDF) are cited in the same way as printed newspaper articles.

If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a Library database, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

Carney (2012, p. 23) stated that 'it [was not] enough that Gillard would produce the measures that Wilkie wanted, she also had to guarantee that they would become law'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The Gillard government ... (Carney 2012).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Italicise the newspaper title.
Include the publication date (for example: 26 May) and page number(s) (if available) after the newspaper title.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the database name (for example: ProQuest database) after the page number(s) (if available).

Carney, S 2012, 'Gillard paying price for gamble on the numbers', The Age, 26 May, p. 23, viewed 27 September 2016, ProQuest database.

Newspaper articles

Newspaper article from a webpage [HTML format]

If there is no author(s) for a newspaper article from a webpage, follow the guidelines for a printed newspaper article (with no author).

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

'There is also the risk that the tweeting citizen journalist, unaware of court reporting laws, may include material which should be excluded' (Banks 2010, para. 8).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Guidelines for the use of social media tools in courts ... (Banks 2010).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Enclose the title of the article in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Italicise the newspaper title.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 27 September 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the publication date (if available).

Banks, D 2010, 'Tweeting in court: why reporters must be given guidelines', The Guardian, 15 December, viewed 25 November 2015, <http://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/dec/15/tweeting-court-reporters-julian-assange>.

Social media or webpages

Blog or blog post

A blog or blog post is usually referenced as you would a webpage.

If there is no author(s) name use the username instead (for example: Thesis Whisperer).

List the format of the entry (for example: blog or blog post).

If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

Include the location of the direct quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

In a post about the emotions involved in undertaking a literature review, the Thesis Whisperer (2013, para. 16) notes that one of the top five PhD emotions is 'elation when you realise you know more than your supervisor about your topic and you feel brave enough to argue about it'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

When undertaking a literature review ... (Thesis Whisperer 2013).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Include the author(s) or username details.
After the author(s) or username details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
For a blog post only, the title of the blog post should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The title of the blog should be italicised.
Include the format of the entry.
For a blog post only, add the date (for example: 3 April) of the post.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 8 January 2014) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the format or the date (if a blog post).

Thesis Whisperer 2013, 'Wormhole literature', The Thesis Whisperer, blog post, 3 April, viewed 8 January 2014, <http://thesiswhisperer.com/2013/04/03/the-wormhole-incident/>.

Webber, S & Boon, S 2006, Information literacy blog, blog, viewed 8 January 2014, <http://information-literacy.blogspot.com>.

Social media or webpages

Social media entry

Social media is usually referenced as you would a website.

If there is no author's name use the username instead.

List the name of the platform (for example: Facebook, Twitter).

If an author posts multiple entries on one day, include the time after the date (for example: 13 January, 4.25 am).

For social media accounts that are not publicly accessible (for example: a private Facebook page), the social media entry should be referenced as personal communication.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, the Barack Obama Twitter account stated that 'it [is] time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy' (Obama 2016).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Peter Smith (2015) updated his Facebook page on the 25 April with a link to...

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Include the author(s) or username details.
After the author(s) or username details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Add the first few words (for example: up to ten words) of the social media entry (for example: a Facebook post or tweet). Italicise the social media entry.
Include the name of the platform.
Add the date (for example: 17 May) of the social media entry.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 19 May 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the date of the social media entry.

Obama, B 2016, It's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside …, Twitter, 17 May, viewed 19 May 2016, <https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432>.

Smith, P 2015, Rethinking higher education the team is everything, Facebook, 25 April, viewed 16 June 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/pages/Peter-P-Smith/196037770427320>.

Social media or webpages

Webpage or document

As details will vary for webpages or web documents, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

If a webpage or web document does not have an author(s) (individual or corporate), start with the title of the document in italics followed by the date. If there is no date, use n.d.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

The tables are intended 'to aid technical decisions with respect to the national vaccination schedule' (World Health Organization 2014, para. 8).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

For immunization program recommendations refer to the information maintained by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization 2014).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

If there is no author(s) (individual or corporate) details available, start with the title of the webpage or document in italics.
After the author(s) (individual or corporate) details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Include the publication details (publisher and place of publication) - if known.
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 1 May 2014) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).

World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization - summary tables, World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014, <http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en/>.

Heath, N 2020, What is AI?: Everything you need to know about Artificial Intelligence, ZDNet, viewed 15 December 2020, <https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-artificial-intelligence>.

Author is an organisation

The author may be the same as the organisation hosting the website.

The author can also be the publisher. For example: World Health Organization.

Unknown date

The abbreviation n.d. may be used where there is no known date.

Reports and standards

ABS report from the ABS website

For author details, use the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics rather than the abbreviation ABS.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

'A major driving force in human activity is the desire for optimal health, better living conditions and improved quality of life' (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Society section).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) the life expectancy for a female born in 2010 will be 84 years.

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

For author details, include the full name of the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Italicise the report title.
Include the catalogue number after the report title. The words catalogue number can be abbreviated to cat. no.
Include the publication details (publisher and place of publication) . The abbreviation ABS can be used for the name of the publisher.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 6 October 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2011, Measures of Australia's progress: summary indicators, cat. no. 1370.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra, viewed 23 July 2012, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/1370.0.55.001?opendocument#from-banner=LN>.

For an Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), no need to include a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.

Reports and standards

Government or organisation report from a website

Government reports may include departmental reports, reports of commissions of inquiry, committees of review and committees of parliament.

As details will vary for government or organisation reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

This 'review provides an opportunity to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from the first five years of the TEQSA Act's operation' (Department of Education and Training 2016, para. 3).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The review into the impact of the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency Act 2011 will examine ... (Department of Education and Training 2016).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Italicise the report title.
Include the report number or series code (if supplied) after the report title. For example: P.P. series no. 31, session 2010-11.
Include details of the organisation sponsoring or issuing the report series (if supplied) before the publication details.
Include the publication details (publisher and place of publication) - if known.
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 16 December 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).

Department of Education and Training 2016, Review of the impact on the higher education sector of the TEQSA Act, viewed 16 December 2016, <https://www.education.gov.au/review-impact-higher-education-sector-teqsa-act>.

For a Government or organisation report with full-page format/imaging (PDF), no need to include a viewed date or URL address as part of the reference list entry.

Amnesty International 2017, Europe a perfect storm: the failure of European policies in the central Mediterranean, Amnesty International, London.

Reports and Standards

Standard

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

'For single or upper storey construction, the spacing of bracing elements, measured at right angles to elements, shall not exceed 9000 mm' (Standards Australia 2010, p. 11).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

For procedures and practices relating to timber framed constructions in non-cyclonic areas refer to ... (Standards Australia 2010).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Italicise the standard's title.
Include the number of the standard after the title (for example: AS 1684.2-2010).
Include the viewed date (for example: 28 September 2012).
Add the name of the database rather than the URL address.

Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber-framed construction - non-cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2010, viewed 28 September 2012, SAI Global database.

Reports and Standards

Company, industry or market report from a Library database

As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

'Internet services are provided via dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN) and fixed broadband connections' (Lo 2016, p. 2).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Lo (2016) claims that the industry will increase ...

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Include the report number (if available) after the report title.
Italicise the report title.
Include the resource type (for example: company profile) after the report title and report number (if available).
After the resource type, include the publisher of the report (if available) (for example: IBISWorld).
For company, industry or market reports sourced from RMIT University Library databases, add the viewed date (for example: viewed 6 October 2016) and the database name (for example: Marketline database).

Lo, B 2016, Internet service providers in Australia, report No. J5911, industry report, IBISWorld, viewed 6 October 2016, IBISWorld database.

Where there is no author, use the organisation responsible for the report.

MarketLine Limited 2015,Credit cards in Canada, industry profile, MarketLine Limited, viewed 6 October 2016, MarketLine database.

Company, industry or market report from a website

As details will vary for company, industry or market reports, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

Where there is no author, use the name of the company or organisation responsible for the report.

Direct quote

'Coles is our largest consumer business and its relationship with food and grocery suppliers in Australia continues to be the focus of some attention' (WesFarmers Limited 2015, Sourcing section).

Paraphrase

Wesfarmers Limited (2015) are wanting to engage with the community to limit environmental impact.

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Include the report number (if available) after the report title.
Italicise the report title.
Include the resource type (for example company profile) after the report title and report number (if available).
After the resource type, include the publisher of the report (if available) (for example: IBISWorld).
For a company, industry or market report sourced from a website, add the viewed date (for example: viewed 16 April 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).

Wesfarmers Limited 2015, Sustainability report 2015, company report, Wesfarmers Limited, viewed 16 April 2016, <http://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/>.

Audiovisual materials

DVD film or television program

Reference the title of the film or television program in italics followed by the date of the production.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from the film or television program. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

'You [are] not an artist, Coco. You [are] a shopkeeper' (Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Based on the novel of the same name, Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (2010) follows the relationship between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky.

Reference list entry

For the reference list:

Italicise the title of the film or television program.
The abbreviation n.d. may be used where the date of publication is unknown.
Specify the multimedia format after the date of recording. For example: DVD or television program.
Include the publisher or distributor details. For example: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, Culver City, CA or SBS Television, Sydney.
For a DVD film, add any other useful information after the publisher (or distributor) details. For example: directed by or starring ... .
For a television program, include the series title (if applicable) after the multimedia format. For example: Australian Story or Insight.
Also for a television program, add the date of broadcast in day and month format (for example: 17 October) after the publisher details.

Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, DVD, Madman Entertainment, Richmond, VIC, directed by Jan Kounen.

When plans change (part 1) 2016, television program, Australian Story, ABC TV, Sydney, 17 October.

Audiovisual materials

Podcast

If the author(s) of the podcast is unknown, reference the title of the podcast and the year of the broadcast. Italicise the podcast title.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

Isherwood (2012) stated that 'problem solving drives creativity ...'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

In a guest lecture, Isherwood (2012) spoke about creativity in advertising.

Reference list entry

For the reference list:

Italicise the title of the podcast.
Specify the multimedia format after the title of the recording. For example: podcast or radio program.
Include publisher details (if supplied) after the multimedia format. For example: ABC Radio, Sydney.
Add the date of broadcast in day and month format (for example: 12 September) and a viewed date (for example: viewed 5 June 2014).
Include the URL of a page where the podcast can be obtained or subscribed to in angled brackets (< and >).

Isherwood, B 2012, Where ideas come from, podcast, 12 September, viewed 5 June 2014, <http//itunesu.rmit.edu.au/node/862>.

Fidler, R 2016, Tim Ferguson: why comedy is not just for laughs, radio program, 702 ABC Radio, Sydney, 16 December, viewed 20 December 2016, <https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pe8LwEmpX3>.

Audiovisual materials

Streaming video / YouTube video

If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is known, reference the video by the author(s) family or corporate name and the year of the video.

If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is unknown, reference the title of the video (in italics) and the year of the video.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from the video. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

'Subject guides are mini-websites for each subject area. They show you all the best places to look for information on what [you are] studying' (RMIT University 2014).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking (2012) explores the concept of what is design thinking.

Reference list entry

For the reference list:

If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is known, begin the reference list citation with the author(s) family or corporate name.
If the author(s) (individual or corporate) of the streaming/YouTube video is unknown, begin the reference list citation with the title of the video.
Italicise the title of the video.
Specify the format or platform after the date of the video (if the author(s) is unknown) or after the title (if the author(s) is known). For example: streaming video or YouTube.
Include the publisher details (if supplied) after the format or platform. For example: RMIT University, Melbourne.
Add the date of publication (if supplied) in day and month format (for example: 8 October) after the format or platform and before the publisher details (if supplied).
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 23 March 2014) and the URL address of the video enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).

Design & thinking: a documentary on design thinking 2012, streaming video, Muris Media, San Francisco, viewed 23 March 2014, <https://rmit-kanopystreaming-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/video/design-and-thinking>.

RMIT University 2014, What's a library subject guide?, YouTube, 8 October, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 18 April 2016, <https://youtu.be/IXo58MojuKI>.

Audiovisual materials

Sound Recording

If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording (for example: album or CD) is known, reference the sound recording by the artist(s) family name or band name and the year of the sound recording.

If the author(s) (artists or band) of the sound recording is unknown, reference the title of the sound recording (in italics) and the year of the sound recording.

Generally, the title of the album or CD will be included in the in-text reference. However, if you have only listened to a single track, then the name of the single track will be included in the in-text reference.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from the sound recording. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

The first line of Patti Smith's version of Gloria 'Jesus died for somebody's sins but not mine' is interpreted as ... (Smith 1975).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Patti Smith's 1975 album Horses is interpreted as her introduction to the punk movement (Smith 1975).

Reference list entry

For the reference list:

Generally, the title of the album or CD will be used as the title in the reference list entry.
If you have only listened to a single track, then include the title of the single track in the reference list entry rather than the title of the album or CD.
Italicise the title of the sound recording.
Specify the format after the title of the recording. For example: sound recording.
Include the publisher details (if supplied) after the format. For example: A record company can be the publisher of a sound recording.
Add the date of publication (if supplied) in day and month format (for example: 8 October) after the format and before the publisher details (if supplied).
For an online sound recording, include the viewed date (for example: viewed 5 September 2017) and the URL address of the recording enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the publication details (if supplied).

Album or CD

Smith, P 1975, Horses, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.

Single track

Smith, P 1975, Gloria, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York.

Online

Smith, P 1975, Horses, sound recording, Arista Records LLC, New York, viewed 5 September 2017, <https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/horses/id1038568061>.

Referencing a television program

Direct quote

Dr Peter McIntosh from CSIRO explains the current drought is having a greater impact because "climate change is warming Australia, and the warmer it gets, the more evaporation you get so the same amount of rainfall is less effective for farmers" (Winds of change 2008).

Paraphrasing

Australian experts agree that the current drought is having a greater negative impact on farms because climate change is creating higher rates of evaporation of rainfall (Winds of change 2008).

Reference list entry

Note that 'program' spelling is preferred over 'programme'.

Winds of change 2008, [television program], Four Corners, ABC Television, 17 March.

Images

General rules for images

RMIT Harvard includes the following within the definition of images and figures:

drawings and illustrations
paintings
photographs
posters and prints
maps
graphs
tables
charts
infographics

General rules

Number figures consecutively throughout your work using Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3 and so on, taking care to order them as they appear within the body of text.
The first figure is labelled Figure 1, the second, Figure 2, the third, Figure 3 and so on.
Do NOT label figures with suffix letters such as Figure 5a, instead use, Figure 5.1.
Below the figure place a caption that includes:
1. the figure number (in bold)

2. title of the figure in italics (if unknown give a short description)

3. author/creator of the figure

4. year of work (if unknown use n.d.)

5. material type (if known)

6. creative commons/copyright statement (if applicable)

Images

Book / Journal article

Paraphrasing

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout

Refer to the figure by its assigned number and include a page number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 1 . . . (Gorman 2001, p. 69).

Figure 1 illustrates . . . (Gorman 2001, p. 69).

For example, Aubrey Beardsley's drawing, The Stomach Dance (Gorman 2001, p. 69) has linear qualities that resemble . . .

Figure layout

A figure from a book/journal article will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:

label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 1)
title of figure in italics
author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by'
year of figure (if known)
material type (if known)

Figure 1: The Stomach Dance by Aubrey Beardsley, 1893, line block print.

Reference list

The book or journal article from which the figure is taken needs to be included in the reference list and formatted in the correct RMIT Harvard style according to the source type.

Gorman, P 2001, The look: adventures in pop & rock fashion, Sanctuary Publishing, London.

Images

Webpage

Paraphrasing

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 2 . . . (Burn 1861).

Figure 2 illustrates . . . (Burn 1861).

The painting, Swanston Street from the Bridge expresses . . . (Burn 1861).

Figure layout

A figure from a webpage will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:

label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 2)
title of figure in italics
author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by'
year of figure (if known)
material type (if known)

Figure 2: Swanston Street from the Bridge by Henry Burn, 1861, oil on canvas.

Reference list

The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), publisher/provider/copyright owner, viewed date and URL enclosed in angled brackets (<>).

Burn, H 1861, Swanston Street from the Bridge, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Victoria, viewed 14 June 2020, <https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4294/>.

Copyright information for Swanston Street from the Bridge image

This image falls under public domain use as copyright has expired. For more information about the duration of copyright see Australian Copyright Council. Opens in new window

Images

Library database

Paraphrasing

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 3 . . . (Vanni 2007).

Figure 3 illustrates . . . (Vanni 2007).

The photograph of Le Corbusier's Notre-Dame-du-Haut building in Ronchamp, France conveys . . . (Vanni 2007).

Figure layout

A figure from a library database will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:

label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 3)
title of figure in italics
author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by'
year of figure (if known)
material type (if known)

Figure 3: Notre-Dame-du-Haut by Vanni, 2007, photograph.

Reference list

The figure must appear in the reference list and include details such as the author/creator, year of creation, title (in italics), material type (if known), viewed date and database name.

Vanni 2007, Notre-Dame-du-Haut, photograph, viewed 19 June 2020, Oxford Art Online database.

Images

Creative commons

Paraphrasing

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 4 . . . (Mari 2009).

Figure 4 demonstrates . . . (Mari 2009).

The photograph, Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao shows . . . (Mari 2009).

Figure layout

A creative commons figure will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:

label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 4)
title of figure in italics
author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by'
year of figure (if known)
material type (if known)
copyright statement and creative commons license

Figure 4: Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli), 2009, photograph. Copyright 2009 by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli). CC BY 2.0.

Reference list

Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) 2009, Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, photograph, Flickr, viewed 24 June 2020, <https://www.flickr.com/photos/52355315@N08/5757476385/>.

Copyright arrtibution for the Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao image

"Bilbao_6: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao" Opens in new window by Mari (Maria Giovanna Colli) Opens in new window can be reused under the CC BY 2.0 license. Opens in new window

Images

Maps

Maps taken from an online source can include:

Digitised maps that originate from a print source such as old maps and are made available in an electronic format by museums, galleries and libraries.
Web maps that use satellite imagery and GPS data and are taken from online navigation and mapping sites such as Google Maps.

When citing figures such as maps in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

Digitised map

Paraphrasing

As shown in Figure 5 . . . (Kearney 1855).

Figure 5 demonstrates . . . (Kearney 1855).

The map, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] shows . . . (Kearney 1855).

Figure layout

A digitised map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:

label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 5)
title of figure in italics
author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by'
year of figure (if known)
material type (if known)

Figure 5: Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] by James Kearney, 1855, digitised map.

Reference list

Kearney, J 1855, Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material], digitised map, Victoria Surveyor-General, State Library Victoria, viewed 19 June 2020, <http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/89107>.

Copyright information for Melbourne and its suburbs: map 1 [cartographic material] map

This image falls under public domain use as copyright has expired. For more information about the duration of copyright see Australian Copyright Council. Opens in new window

Web map

Paraphrasing

As shown in Figure 6 . . . (VicPlan 2020).

Figure 6 demonstrates . . . (VicPlan 2020).

The web map, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 highlights . . . (VicPlan 2020).

Figure layout

A web map will include a caption with the following elements below the figure:

label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 6)
title of figure in italics
author(s)/creator(s) full name, preceded by the word 'by'
year of figure (if known)
material type (if known)

Figure 6: Plenty Road Bundoora 3083 by VicPlan, 2020, web map.

Reference list

VicPlan 2020, Plenty Road Bundoora 3083, web map, Victoria State Government, viewed 16 June 2020, <https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/>.

Other sources

Generally, conference papers are published within conference proceedings, either online or in print. In most cases, a conference paper (rather than the conference proceedings) will be used as a reference.

As details will vary for conference papers, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

Conference paper from a webpage

A conference paper from a webpage will generally be sourced from the conference's website or the website of the organisation hosting the conference.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number or a section heading. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

'Focusing on self-leadership skill awareness and development, the unit thus requires that students engage in a critical self-reflection process' (Gudmundsson & Laing 2011, p. 108).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Gudmunsson and Laing (2011) argue that for a successful blended learning environment students need support.

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Enclose the title of the conference paper in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
Capitalise and italicise the name of the conference. For example: Space Safety is No Accident The 7th IAASS Conference.
Include the name of the conference host (for example: Curtin University), location and date of the conference.
Include page numbers (if available).
Add the viewed date (for example: viewed 5 August 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >) after the name of the conference host, location and date of the conference (if supplied).

Gudmundsson, A & Laing, L 2011, 'Facilitating student self-reflection in a blended learning environment', in ATN Assessment Conference 2011 Proceedings, Curtin University, Perth, 20 – 21 October, pp. 107-16, viewed 5 August 2016, <http://ctl.curtin.edu.au/events/conferences/atna2011/files/ATNA_2011_Proceedings.pdf>.

Conference paper from a Library database

For conference papers sourced from RMIT University Library databases provide:

The title of the conference paper in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The name of the conference in italics.
The publisher name (for example: CSIRO Publishing) and the database name (for example: EBSCOhost eBook database) rather than the name of the conference host, location and date of the conference.

Chaudhary, B 2015, 'Unconventional methods for space debris removal', Space Safety is No Accident The 7th IAASS Conference, Springer International Publishing, SpringerLink eBook database, pp. 49-58.

For conference papers sourced from printed conference proceedings, use the guidelines for a chapter from an edited book.

If the title of the conference proceedings contains the name of the conference, capitalise the name of the conference. For example: Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science.

Wang, J, Wood, Z & Worboys, M 2016, 'Conflict in pedestrian networks' in T Sarjakoski, MY Santos & LT Sarjakoski (eds), Geospatial data in a changing world selected papers of the 19th AGILE Conference on Geographic Information Science, Springer, Switzerland, pp. 261-278.

Other sources

Online dataset

As details will vary for datasets, try to extract as much information as you can about authorship and publication information etc.

If available, include a reference point (for example: figure number or table number) in the in-text reference for the dataset. The word figure can be abbreviated to fig.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the material from the dataset in your own words.

Using the daily rainfall dataset ... (Bureau of Meteorology 2016).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

For an online dataset, if there is no author(s) (individual or corporate) details available, start with the dataset title in italics.
After the author(s) (individual or corporate) details, if there is no date supplied, use n.d.
Italicise the dataset title.
Include the series title (if supplied) after the dataset title.
Include the resource type (for example: data file) after the title or series title (if supplied).
Add the publication details (if supplied) after the resource type. For example: Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.
Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 17 November 2011) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).

Bureau of Meteorology 2016, High-quality Australian daily rainfall, Australia's climate change datasets, data file, Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, viewed 16 December 2016, <ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/home/ncc/www/change/HQdailyR/>.

Other sources

Materials from your course

Materials from your course may include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations and credentials.

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a paragraph number, section heading or slide number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

By the end of the course, 'students will be able to read a newspaper article in Italian'... (Sample 2016, Learning outcomes section).

Giving consideration to the 'cultural, economic and social issues of indigenous communities is an important step in the decision making process ... ' (Sample 2017, slide 4).

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

Sample (2016) outlines the topics to be covered this semester.

The rights of indigenous people include ... (Sample 2017).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

Use the lecturer(s) family name and initial of given name. For example: Sample, S.
The title of the course material should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The title of the course material should not be italicised.
Include the type of course material (for example: lecture notes, PowerPoint slides or presentations) after the title.
For online course material, add the course code or course name and the University name. Include the viewed date (for example: viewed 18 April 2016) and the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).
For printed course material, add the course code or course name, the University name and the place of publication (if not inferred by the University name).

Sample, S 2016, 'Introduction to your course', lecture notes, COURSECODE, RMIT University, viewed 18 April 2016, <https://my.rmit.edu.au/portal/myStudies/#/lecturenotes/week1>.

Sample, S 2017, 'Human rights in indigenous communities' PowerPoint slides, COURSECODE, RMIT University, Melbourne.

RMIT Creds 2019, 'What is academic integrity', RMIT Micro Credential, Academic Integrity Awareness, RMIT University, viewed 27 April 2020, <https://rmit.instructure.com/courses/61851>.

Other sources

Legal material and patents

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words from a piece of legislation or a legal case. Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks).

For a piece of legislation, include the location of the quote using a section or subsection number or a regulation or sub-regulation number. The words section or sections can be abbreviated to s. or ss. The words regulation or regulations can be abbreviated to r. or rr. Use the full words of section(s) or regulation(s) at the start of a sentence.

For a legal case, include the location of the quote using a page number. To specify a page number, use the word 'at' rather than p. For example: Beasley v Francis (2008) 237 CLR 1 at 72-8. If no page number is available, use a paragraph number. The word paragraph can be abbreviated to para.

Section 55 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) states that '...there is a guarantee that the goods are reasonably fit for any disclosed purpose, and for any purpose for which the supplier represents that they are reasonably fit...'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas from a piece of legislation or a legal case in your own words.

The Australian Copyright Council initiated a test case against the University of NSW (University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1).

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

The title of a legal case, a piece of legislation or a patent should be italicised.
For a legal case, include the year of the case, the volume number of the report series, the abbreviated name of the report series and the page number that the case begins with in the report series. For example: (2008) 237 CLR 1.
For a piece of legislation, include the jurisdiction in brackets after the title. The name of the jurisdiction can be abbreviated. For example: Commonwealth can be abbreviated to (Cth).
For a patent, include the patent number after the title.

University of New South Wales v Moorhouse and Angus & Robertson (Publishers) Pty Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 1.

Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth).

Gupta, BB & Kassapis, S 1997, Water-continuous spread, US Patent 5614245.

Other sources

Student's own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.

Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment DeclarationOpens in new window

If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include your family name and year of previous work in brackets. Or, if referring to your family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of previous work in brackets immediately after your family name.

For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:

Studies indicate that … (Smith 2018).

Smith (2018) noted that …

If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well. If Jane Smith's earlier paper had cited Presley and Johnson, for example, it may look like this:

According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) …

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number from the previous work.

'Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2018, p. 3).

Reference list

In the reference list include:

Student name.
Year of previous work.
Title of previous work (between single inverted commas).
Unpublished paper.
Institution name.
Location (if not inferred by University name).

Smith, J 2018, 'An analysis of personality theory', Unpublished paper, RMIT University, Melbourne.

Other sources

Thesis viewed online

Direct quote

A direct quote is when you are using the exact words of the author(s).

Put direct quotes between single inverted commas (quotation marks), and add a page number.

Khoo (2013, p. 4) argues that 'the idea of a responsive and form-changing architectural surface challenges the materiality of a physical architecture'.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words.

The research conducted by Khoo (2013) examines ... .

Reference list entry

In the reference list:

The title of the thesis should be enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks).
The title of the thesis should not be italicised.
Add the abbreviated name of the award (for example: PhD thesis or EdD thesis).
Include the place of publication if it is not inferred by the University name.
For a thesis sourced from a research repository, include the URL address enclosed in angled brackets (< and >).

Khoo, CK 2013, 'Morphing architecture with responsive material systems', PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne, <https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:160591>.

Thesis from a Library database

For a thesis sourced from a Library database, add the database name (for example: ProQuest database) rather than the URL address.

Hallaq, TG 2013, 'Evaluating online media literacy in higher education: validity and reliability of the digital online media literacy assessment (DOMLA)', EdD thesis, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, ProQuest database.

Print thesis

In the reference list provide:

The author's family name and initial(s) followed by the year.
The title of the thesis enclosed in single inverted commas (quotation marks) but not italicised.
The abbreviated name of the award (for example: PhD thesis).
The University name followed by the place of publication (if not inferred by the University name).

Snelling, P 2013, 'Digital craftsmanship: the augmentation and customisation of printed textiles', PhD thesis, RMIT University, Melbourne.

Referencing for students: APA 7th ed. style

Using APA 7th ed.

General rules for in-text citations

When citing a work with a single author provide the author's family name and year of publication.
When a work has two authors, always cite both family names every time the reference occurs in the text.
When a work has three or more authors, cite only the family name of the first author followed by et al. and the year of publication.
When using exact words that an author has used, you must enclose these in double quotation marks " " and supply an in-text citation, including page number(s).
In your writing, you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online) either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. When paraphrasing, use round brackets to add the author(s) family name and the year of publication, or use the author(s) family name as part of your sentence, followed by the year of publication in round brackets.

Note: When paraphrasing, the citation details can be used at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence.

Citation at the beginning

Brophy (2010) states that student motivation . . .

Citation in the middle

. . . motivation is evident (Brophy, 2010), and as a result, can contribute significantly to achieving learning goals.

Citation at the end

. . . where a number of subjective experiences can inform motivational outcomes (Brophy, 2010).

Note: Citations can also be structured according to whether they give prominence to the author (narrative), or to the information being conveyed (parenthetical).

Narrative citations

In his research, Brophy (2010) argues that . . .

Parenthetical citations

. . . findings are based on the qualitative study of behavioural learning (Brophy, 2010).

Including page numbers in a paraphrase citation

When paraphrasing, page numbers may also be included as part of the citation, especially if it helps the reader to locate the source of the information in a lengthy document.

Note: Including page numbers when paraphrasing is optional and is NOT a requirement of the APA referencing style.

In order to establish a learning community in the classroom, it is important to motivate students by addressing both individual and collaborative learning goals (Brophy, 2010, pp. 23-24).

Direct quotes

Direct quotes are used when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between double quotation marks and add a page number. Do NOT overuse direct quotes.

"Student motivation to learn can be viewed as either a general disposition or a situation-specific state" (Brophy, 2010, p. 12).

Citing a source with no page number(s)

If the work you are referencing does NOT contain page numbers, then use paragraph numbers, chapter numbers or section headings as part of the in-text reference.

"As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia, 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1).

Omitting words from a direct quote

If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots (. . .) and another space.

Cannon (2012) argues that "changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas . . . will require coherent change strategies" (p. 165).

Note: Quotes more than 40 words in length need to be in block form – without using quotation marks, begin the quote on a new, indented line, and double-space the entire quote. At the end of the quote, include citation details such as author(s), year and page number(s) in brackets.

The difference between intrinsic motivation and motivation to learn is closely related to the difference between affective and cognitive engagement experiences. Intrinsic motivation refers primarily to affective experience—enjoyment of the processes involved in engaging in an activity. In contrast, motivation to learn is primarily a cognitive experience involving attempts to make sense of the information that an activity conveys, to relate this information to prior knowledge, and to master the skills that the activity develops. (Brophy, 2010, p. 12)

Using APA 7th ed.

Multiple references in same parentheses

List all citations alphabetically, with a semi-colon to separate them.

There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to health (Applebee, 2006; Cookson, 2007; Sheldon & James, 2004).

Using APA 7th ed.

Multiple works by the same author in the same year

When an author has published more than one cited work in the same year, distinguish each work by using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets (this is also written in the reference list).

Paraphrasing in-text

According to Dean (2017a), it was found that . . .

It is suggested that . . . (Dean, 2017b).

Reference list

Identify works by the same author(s) in the same year by the suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year.

References by the same author(s) with the same publication year are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date.

Dean, E. (2017a). Practice nursing: An action plan for a disparate workforce. Nursing Standard, 32(3), 25. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.32.3.25.s24

Dean, E. (2017b). Top nursing universities fall short in new ratings. Nursing Standard, 31(44), 9. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.31.44.9.s8

Lead authors are the same in the same year

If there are more than 3 authors and the lead author(s) are the same, but there are also different contributing authors then cite all authors until a distinction can be made followed by et al.

Paraphrasing in-text

Arnaiz, Cochrane, Hastie, et al. (2018) state . . .

Arnaiz, Cochrane, Calizaya, et al. (2018) argue . . .

Reference list

The reference list would include all authors.

Arnaiz, M., Cochrane, T., Calizaya, A., & Shrestha, M. (2018). A framework for evaluating the current level of success of micro-hydropower schemes in remote communities of developing countries. Energy for Sustainable Development, 44, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.03.002

Arnaiz, M., Cochrane, T., Hastie, R., & Bellen, C. (2018). Micro-hydropower impact on communities' livelihood analysed with the capability approach. Energy for Sustainable Development, 45, 206-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.07.003

Using APA 7th ed.

No author

If citing a source with no author then use the title of the work both in-text and in the reference list.

If the title of the work is italicised in the reference list then italicise the title in-text (except for news articles found on the web with no author, use double quotation marks in-text and don't italicise the title in the reference list).

If the title is not italicised in the reference list then use double quotation marks in-text.

News or magazine article with no author

Paraphrasing in-text

If no author has been identified, provide the first few words of the title in double quotation marks " " followed by the year.

An increase in education spending . . . ("Budget to Link," 2016).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s). If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"An additional $118 million to support disabled children in schools over two years will be a modest boost in an important area of student assistance where many schools are struggling" ("Budget to Link," 2016, p. 13).

Reference list

Place the title of the article in the author position.

Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper or magazine.

Include the day, month and year of the article, as well as the URL.

Budget to link school spending to outcomes. (2016, May 2). The Australian. https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/editorials/budget-to-link-school-spending-to-outcomes/news-story/b1b98475b68869356cc6540766d6358a

Encyclopedia, Wikipedia or dictionary entry with no author

Paraphrasing in-text

If no author has been identified, provide the first few words of the title in double quotation marks " " followed by the year.

Individuals with achromatopsia will experience a variation in symptoms ("Achromatopsia," 2005).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s). If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"The main symptom of achromatopsia is photophobia, which is extreme sensitivity to light" ("Achromatopsia," 2005, para. 6).

Reference list

Place the title of the entry in the author position.

Include the word In before the title of the work in italics. Include an edition number (if applicable).

If the reference work is continously updated use n.d. as the year of publication and include a retrieval date e.g. Retrieved September 24, 2020, from URL

If the reference work is taken from an archived page then no retrieval date is needed.

Achromatopsia. (2005). In Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia (10th ed.). https://www.wiley.com/en-au/Van+Nostrand%27s+Scientific+Encyclopedia%2C+3+Volume+Set%2C+10th+Edition-p-9780471743385

Book or report with no author

Paraphrasing in-text

If no author has been identified, include the first few words of the title in italics followed by the year.

Australia has a growing role in the education of international students (Higher education in Australia: the facts, 2004).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s). If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Higher education in Australia: the facts (2004, p. 23) claims that Australia is "a major provider of international education and training services."

Reference list

Italicise the title and place it in the author position.

Include a report number, not in italics and in brackets, directly after the title (if applicable).

Include the year of publication (if available).

Include the publisher name and URL (if applicable).

Higher education in Australia: the facts. (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Using APA 7th ed.

Secondary citation

A secondary citation is used when you acknowledge the work of an author that you have read about in another author's work.

For example, if you read an article written by Hosany and Martin and they cite information from another study written by Heath and Scott, you would need to acknowledge Heath and Scott in the text:

Heath and Scott (as cited in Hosany & Martin, 2012) claim that . . .

Early research indicated . . . (Heath & Scott, as cited in Hosany & Martin, 2012).

In the reference list, you need to include the citation information for the Hosany and Martin article as that is where the Heath and Scott information was sourced:

Hosany, S., & Martin, D. (2012). Self-image congruence in consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 685-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.015

Using APA 7th ed.

Personal communication

Information obtained from personal communication does NOT need to be included in the reference list and should only be referenced in-text. Use parenthetical citations in the text only.

Examples of personal communication include:

interviews
conversations
telephone calls
letters
emails

When citing in-text, include the author first name initial(s) followed by their family name, and a precise date of when the communication took place.

My field placement supervisor commented '. . .' (C. M. Burns, personal communication, July 3, 2015).

The details of . . . were confirmed by email (J. Merrick, personal communication, April 25, 2014).

Using APA 7th ed.

General rules for the reference list

A reference list is to be included at the end of your work acknowledging all sources used.
The word 'References' should be on a new page, centred and in bold.
The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author family name.
If there are multiple entries by the same author, then arrange chronologically starting with the earliest year of publication.
If there are several authors with the same family name, then arrange alphabetically by initials.
Where an item has no author, it is cited by its title.
The reference list must be double-spaced and each entry should have a hanging indent on the second and subsequent lines (if applicable).
Italicise all book titles, journal titles, volume numbers, titles of newspapers and titles of webpages and websites.

Digital object identifier (DOI)

When citing electronic journal articles, you MUST include a digital object identifier (DOI) if stated. A DOI is a unique identifier that is assigned to individual journal articles, and provides a persistent link to online content.

The recommended DOI format should appear in your reference list as:

https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

If no DOI is assigned, include the journal's homepage URL instead.

Note: There is no full stop after the URL, and the hyperlink is removed.

Using APA 7th ed.

Example of a reference list

References

Baird, J. (2016, November 4). There's no such thing as 'just a nurse'. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/why-we-need-to-listen-to-nurses-when-talking-about-health-20161103-gshfq1.html

Destounis, S. V., Arieno, A. L., Morgan, R. C., Cavanaugh, D., Seifert, P. J., Murphy, P. F., & Somerville, P. A. (2014). Comparison of breast cancers diagnosed in screening patients in their 40s with and without family history of breast cancer in a community outpatient facility. American Journal of Roentgenology, 202(4), 928-932. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.13.11194

Early Childhood Australia. (2016). Early Childhood Australia's advocacy: Advocacy goals. http://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-work/early-childhood-australias-advocacy/

Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s. 115.1. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/

Primal Pictures. (2014, September 19). Primal's 3D atlas of human anatomy [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/g-BtsX3bGvs

Schirm, V. (2013). Quality of life. In I. M. Lubkin & P. D. Larsen (Eds.), Chronic illness: Impact and interventions (8th ed., pp. 183-206). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Sullivan, E. J. (2013). Becoming influential: A guide for nurses (2nd ed.). Pearson.

Wang, H. (2015). Protein degradation pathways in hepatic ER stress and insulin resistance. [Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University]. RMIT Research Repository. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161444

Book

Book with single author

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Studies indicate that . . . (Sullivan, 2013).

Sullivan (2013) states that . . .

If multiple narrative citations are repeated within the same paragraph, the year of publication can be omitted.

Sullivan also found that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (Sullivan, 2013, p. 103).

Sullivan (2013) notes that "challenging the power structure of institutions, organizations, or bureaucracies requires commitment and fortitude" (p. 103).

Reference list

Sullivan, E. J. (2013). Becoming influential: A guide for nurses (2nd ed.). Pearson.

Book

Book with two authors

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, use the ampersand symbol & between author family names only when they appear in brackets. Otherwise, just use and to separate author names in the body of the text.

. . . and is vital in order to encode memories (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016).

Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo (2016) identify . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"The central executive functions as an attention-controlling mechanism within working memory" (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016, p. 281).

Reference list

List both authors, and separate the names with an ampersand symbol &.

Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Cengage Learning.

Book

Book with three or more authors

Paraphrasing in-text

Use only the first listed author family name followed by et al. and year of publication.

. . . independent variables are controlled by the selector (Kraemer et al., 2016).

Kraemer et al. (2016) posit that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Circadian response patterns can be sensitive to light and dark cycles, sleep patterns, and seasonal changes" (Kraemer et al., 2016, p. 214).

Reference list

List all authors, placing an ampersand symbol & before the last name.

Kraemer, W. J., Fleck, S. J., & Deschenes, M. R. (2016). Exercise physiology: Integrating theory and application (2nd ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Book

Book with an edition number

Reference list

Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation ed. in brackets after the book title. If the book is a first edition, or no edition is stated, do NOT include the edition number.

Mash, E. J., & Wolfe, D. A. (2013). Abnormal child psychology (5th ed.). Wadsworth.

Book

Chapter in an edited book

An edited book will generally be comprised of chapters written by several different authors. When citing in-text, you will need to attribute the authors of the particular chapter you are referencing, NOT the editors of the entire work.

Paraphrasing in-text

Quality of life is defined as . . . (Schirm, 2013).

Schirm (2013) defines quality of life as . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"Quality of life assessments provide a way to evaluate the impact of chronic illness on clients and their families" (Schirm, 2013, p. 183).

Schirm (2013) comments that "quality of life assessments provide a way to evaluate the impact of chronic illness on clients and their families" (p. 183).

Reference list

Author(s) of the chapter, year of publication, and title of the chapter precede the details about the book editors and title of book.

Following the word In is the editor(s) initials then family names.

Enclose in brackets the edition number (if applicable).

Enclose in brackets the page numbers of the chapter directly after the title.

Schirm, V. (2013). Quality of life. In I. M. Lubkin & P. D. Larsen (Eds.), Chronic illness: Impact and interventions (8th ed., pp. 183-206). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Chapter in an authored book

If the book is an authored (NOT edited) work, then reference it as a whole work, NOT by the book chapter.

Book

E-book

Paraphrasing in-text

When citing an e-book in-text, follow the same rules for citing a book in-text.

According to Watkins (2017), angular motion occurs when . . .

. . . which impacts the axis of rotation (Watkins, 2017).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the e-book.

"Most whole body human movements are combinations of linear and angular motion" (Watkins, 2017, p. 6).

Reference list

Follow the same rules for citing a book, but provide a DOI or URL if stated.

Watkins, J. (2017). Laboratory and field exercises in sport and exercise biomechanics. Routledge. https//doi.org/10.4324/9781315306315

Book

Translated book

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name, year(s) of publication in brackets (include both the original year of publication, if applicable, as well as the year of publication from the source). Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year(s) of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

The study of the first stage reveals . . . (Piaget, 1929/2007).

Piaget (1929/2007) states that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.

"The third stage on the contrary is characterised by this discovery that names are in ourselves and come from within us" (Piaget, 1929/2007, p. 77).

Reference list

Include the translator(s) after the title and add the date of original publication in brackets (if applicable) after the publication details.

Piaget, J. (2007). The child's conception of the world (J. Tomlinson & A. Tomlinson, Trans.). Rowman & Littlefield. (Original work published 1929)

Journal article

Journal article with single author

Paraphrasing in-text

Recent studies indicate that . . . (Musiek, 2017).

Musiek (2017) concludes that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

Musiek (2017) notes that "if sleep nuclei are damaged, a robust circadian clock may still not trigger sleep" (p. 89).

Reference list

When including journal articles in the reference list, you must italicise the title of the Journal and volume number, and include the digital object identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference (if stated).

Musiek, E. S. (2017). Circadian rhythms in AD pathogenesis: A critical appraisal. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 3(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-017-0072-5

Journal article

Journal article with two authors

Paraphrasing in-text

The ampersand symbol & is used between the author family names only when they appear in brackets.

. . . identifies skills intrinsic to current nursing practitioners (Felton & Royal, 2015).

Felton and Royal (2015) argue that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

According to Felton and Royal (2015) "supporting the development of practitioners' skills within preregistration nursing education is complex" (p. 38).

Reference list

List both authors, and separate the names with an ampersand symbol &.

Felton, A., & Royal, J. (2015). Skills for nursing practice: Development of clinical skills in pre-registration nurse education. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.11.009

Journal article

Journal article with 3 to 20 authors

Paraphrasing in-text

Cite the first family name listed followed by et al.

. . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva et al., 2012).

Demacheva et al. (2012) note that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

"Our findings suggest that decoupling the when and the where attention modules may play an important role in creating magic effects" (Demacheva et al., 2012, p. 547).

Reference list

List all authors (up to 20), placing an ampersand symbol & before the last name.

Demacheva, I., Ladouceur, M., Steinberg, E., Pogossova, G., & Raz, A. (2012). The applied cognitive psychology of attention: A step closer to understanding magic tricks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 541-549. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2825

Journal article

Journal article with 21 or more authors

Paraphrasing in-text

Use only the first listed family name followed by et al. and year of publication.

Kalnay et al. (1996) comment . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.

"As a result, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis system has many novel features not yet present in operational or research numerical weather forecasting systems" (Kalnay et al., 1996, p. 439).

Reference list

List the first 19 authors followed by three ellipsis points (. . .) then the last author.

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-472. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

Journal article

Journal article without a DOI

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the author family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s).

Recent studies indicate that . . . (Walker & Buchbinder, 1997).

Walker and Buchbinder (1997) contend that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.

Walker and Buchbinder (1997) noted that "analysis of the determinants of frequency of use of the various diagnostic methods revealed that motion palpation was more commonly employed by younger chiropractors" (Discussion section, para. 6).

Reference list

If citing a journal article without a DOI, include the volume, issue number (if available), and page number(s).

Walker, B., & Buchbinder, R. (1997). Most commonly used methods of detecting spinal subluxation and the preferred term for its description: A survey of chiropractors in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 20(9), 583-589.

Newspaper article

Newspaper article from a library database

Paraphrasing in-text

The results of the study indicate . . . (Evans, 2015).

Evans (2015) states that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Evans (2015) notes that "aspirin's miracle properties revolve around its ability to stop blood platelets clumping together, reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes" (p. 11).

Reference list

Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.

Include the day, month and year, as well as the exact URL of the article.

Evans, K. (2015, January 5). Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention. The Age. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1641732086?accountid=13552

Newspaper article

Newspaper article, online

Paraphrasing in-text

The debate around health reform involves . . . (Baird, 2016).

Baird (2016) states that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

Baird (2016) points out that "recent studies have found much of our nursing population is approaching retirement – and quite alarmingly burnt out – at precisely the time the nursing needs of a broader ageing population is increasing" (para. 8).

Reference list

Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.

Include the day, month and year of the article, as well as the URL.

Baird, J. (2016, November 4). There's no such thing as 'just a nurse'. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/why-we-need-to-listen-to-nurses-when-talking-about-health-20161103-gshfq1.html

Newspaper article

Newspaper article, print

Paraphrasing in-text

Official survey results indicate . . . (Parnell, 2016).

Parnell (2016) states that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.

"The latest Medicare figures, also released yesterday, show the proportion of non-referred GP services, excluding practice nurses, bulk-billed in the last quarter was 85.4 per cent" (Parnell, 2016, p. 1).

Reference list

Do NOT italicise the title of the article, only the title of the newspaper.

Include the day, month and year of the article.

If the article is spread across discontinuous pages, provide all page numbers separated by a comma e.g. 2, 4, 8-9.

Parnell, S. (2016, November 16). Medicare freeze no check on GP visits. The Australian, 1, 5.

Legal material

Act of Parliament

Note: The APA referencing style does NOT cover Australian legal material. The citation details below are based on the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) referencing style examples.

Paraphrasing in-text

Include the title of the legislation and the year in italics if referring to an Act in the body of the text. Otherwise, place the year and section number s. (if applicable) in brackets.

It is necessary to also state the jurisdiction of the legislation, either in the body of the text, or enclosed in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, (Vic) for Victoria, (UK) for United Kingdom etc.

Note: Include the jurisdiction the first time the act is cited. The jurisdiction can be dropped with subsequent citations.

According to the Victorian Mental Health Act (2014, s. 29) . . .

Victoria's Mental Health Act (2014, s. 29) states that . . .

By virtue of s. 130.1 of the Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Act, year, jurisdiction and section number(s) (if applicable).

"A person receiving mental health services in a designated mental health service may be kept in seclusion if seclusion is necessary to prevent imminent and serious harm to the person or to another person" (Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic), s. 110).

Reference list

The title of the legislation and year are to be italicised.

Include the jurisdiction of the legislation in brackets e.g. (Cth) for Commonwealth, or the State abbreviation.

If a specific section of the legislation is used, this can be highlighted by using an s. for section.

If the legislation is obtained from an electronic source, add a retrieval statement to the reference.

Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic) s. 115.1. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/

Legal material

Legal cases

Note: The APA referencing style does NOT cover Australian legal material. The citation details below are based on the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) referencing style examples.

Paraphrasing in-text

When citing a Case in-text, it is necessary to include the title of the case in italics followed by the year in brackets. Alternatively, it is also acceptable to include all case details enclosed in brackets; italicise only the case title, followed by the year.

Note: Include the year with the first citation. The year can be dropped in subsequent citations.

According to the case of Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) . . .

. . . (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.

"The Tribunal lacks the jurisdiction to consider the decisions made by the Secretary in relation to the drug Clozapine" (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011, Held section, para. 5).

Reference list

For court decisions the elements to include are: title of the case in italics, year in brackets, volume number, reporter abbreviation, and starting page number.

If a case is obtained from an electronic database, add a retrieval statement.

Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) 56 AAR 227. http://www.westlaw.com.au/maf/wlau/app/document?docguid=I49472f517b6911e18eefa443f89988a0

Webpages

Webpage

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of publication in brackets.

Organisational values are defined by . . . (Early Childhood Australia, 2016).

Direct quote in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference if quoting from a website that is NOT a PDF document.

"As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia, 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1).

Reference list

If citing information taken directly from a webpage include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year in brackets, webpage title in italics, website name and URL.

If no year is stated then use n.d. for no date.

Early Childhood Australia. (2016). Early Childhood Australia's advocacy: Advocacy goals. http://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-work/early-childhood-australias-advocacy/

Webpages

Webpage document

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of publication in brackets.

Preventative measures are determined by . . . (World Health Organization, 2016).

Direct quote in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document.

If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"Re-using syringes to access multi-dose medication vials/containers that are used for multiple patients can also lead to the spread of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens" (World Health Organization, 2016, p. 16).

Reference list

If citing information taken directly from a webpage document include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year in brackets, title of document in italics and retrieval statement in the form of a URL.

If no year is stated then use n.d. for no date.

World Health Organization. (2016). WHO guideline on the use of safety-engineered syringes for intramuscular, intradermal and subcutaneous injections in health-care settings. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250144/1/9789241549820-eng.pdf

Webpages or social media

Facebook

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of the Facebook post in brackets.

Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (2020) states that workplace mental health hazards are responsible for . . .

Direct quote in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the author and year.

"A mental hazard at work can be poor support to workers" (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation, 2019).

Reference list

If citing information taken directly from a Facebook post include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the year, month and day in brackets, include the first 20 words of the post as the title in italics, if the post contains an image or video include it in square brackets, describe the form type in square brackets e.g. [Status update], include Facebook as the source and provide a URL to the post.

Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation. (2020, November 28). Workplace mental health hazards injure thousands of workers each year, just like physical hazards but they often fly under the [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/AustralianNursingandMidwiferyFederation/photos/a.136188899856341/1935273223281224/

Twitter

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/organisation name and year of tweet in brackets.

Barack Obama (2016) tweeted his concerns over the Supreme Court vacancy.

Direct quote in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the author and year.

In relation to the Supreme Court vacancy in the United States, Barack Obama (2016) tweeted that "it's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy."

Reference list

If citing information taken directly from a tweet include author(s) if applicable, or if no author(s) are stated then use a company or organisation name, followed by the Twitter handle in square brackets, include the year, month and day in brackets, followed by the first 20 words of the tweet as the title and hashtag(s) in italics, if the post contains an image or video include it in square brackets, describe the form type in square brackets e.g. [Tweet], include Twitter as the source and provide a URL to the tweet.

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2016, May 18). It's time for Senate leaders to put politics aside and fill the Supreme Court vacancy #DoYourJob [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/732589315478290432

Images

General rules for images

APA includes the following within the definition of images and figures:

graphs
charts
maps
posters
drawings
photographs
tables

General rules

Number figures consecutively in italics throughout your work using Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3 and so on, taking care to order them as they appear within the text.
The first figure is labelled Figure 1, the second, Figure 2, the third, Figure 3 and so on.
Do NOT label figures with suffix letters such as Figure 5a, instead use, Figure 5.1.
Above the figure include:
1. the figure number (in bold)
2. a brief title of the image (in italics)
Below the figure place a caption that includes:
1. a note providing a brief description
2. if the image is not original work, then source details from where it was derived

Images

Book / Journal article

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 1 . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013).

Figure 1 illustrates . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013).

The data shows . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013, Figure 1).

Figure layout

A figure from a book/journal article will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 1) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:

book title in italics with proper nouns capitalised, or article title in double quotation marks " " and preceded with the word From
author(s) initials followed by family name, preceded with the word by
year of publication
journal title in italics (if applicable)
volume number in italics (if applicable)
issue number (if applicable)
page number(s)
DOI
copyright year and owner

Figure 1

Dose Distributions for a Left-Breast Tumor

Note. Dose distributions for a left-breast tumor (a, b) at the level of surgical bed defined by titanium clips (arrows) and the corresponding DVH (c, d) for supine (left) and prone (right) positions. From "Pilot Study of Feasibility and Dosimetric Comparison of Prone Versus Supine Breast Radiotherapy," by E. Fernandez-Lizarbe, A. Montero, A. Polo, R. Hernanz, R. Moris, S. Formenti, and A. Ramos, 2013, Clinical and Translational Oncology, 15, p. 453 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-012-0950-8). Copyright 2013 by Springer International Publishing.

Reference list

The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.

Fernandez-Lizarbe, E., Montero, A., Polo, A., Hernanz, R., Moris, R., Formenti, S., & Ramos, A. (2013). Pilot study of feasibility and dosimetric comparison of prone versus supine breast radiotherapy. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 15, 450-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-012-0950-8

Images

Webpage

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 2 . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).

Figure 2 illustrates . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016).

The diagram shows . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016, Figure 2).

Figure layout

A figure from a webpage will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 2) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:

title of webpage preceded with the word From
author(s) initials followed by family name, or institute/organisation, preceded with the word by
year of webpage
retrieval statement in the form of a URL
copyright year and owner

Figure 2

Anatomy of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

Note. Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. From "Parathyroid cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – Patient Version," by National Cancer Institute, 2016, (https://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/patient/parathyroid-treatment-pdq). Copyright 2012 by Terese Winslow LLC. Reprinted with permission.

Reference list

The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.

National Cancer Institute. (2016). Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. https://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/patient/parathyroid-treatment-pdq

Copyright information for the Anatomy of the Thyroid image

License Granted: Terese Winslow LLC hereby grants limited, non-exclusive worldwide print and electronic rights only for use in the work specified. Terese Winslow LLC grants such rights "AS IS" without representation or warranty of any kind and shall have no liability in connection with such license.

Restrictions: Reproduction for use in any other work or derivative works is prohibited. Ownership of original artwork, copyright, and all rights not specifically transferred herein remain the exclusive property of Terese Winslow LLC. Additional license(s) are required for ancillary usage(s).

Images

Library database

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 3 . . . (Ross, 2017).

Figure 3 illustrates . . . (Ross, 2017).

The diagram shows . . . (Ross, 2017, Figure 3).

Figure layout

A figure from a library database will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 3) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:

title of library database preceded with the word From
author(s) initials followed by family name, or institute/organisation, preceded with the word by
year of image
retrieval statement in the form of the library database homepage URL
copyright year and owner

Figure 3

Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Note. Graphic of large recurrent disc herniation shows displacement of the nuclear material through a large defect in the posterior annular fibers with effacement of the ventral thecal sac and displacement of the intrathecal nerve roots. From "Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation," by J. S. Ross, 2017, Imaging Reference Center (https://app.imagingreferencecenter.com). Copyright 2017 by J. S. Ross.

Reference list

The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.

Ross, J. S. (2017). Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. Imaging Reference Center. https://app.imagingreferencecenter.com

Images

Creative commons

In-text citation

When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the figure layout include figure number, brief title and notes

Refer to the figure by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the figure as "the Figure above/below", or "the Figure on page 17".

As shown in Figure 4 . . . (West, 2012).

Figure 4 illustrates . . . (West, 2012).

The diagram shows . . . (West, 2012, Figure 4).

Figure layout

A figure from a creative commons source will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the figure: label of figure in bold (e.g. Figure 4) followed by the title of the figure (in italics).

Below the figure, include a note that has a brief but descriptive phrase, as well as:

title of the creative commons source preceded with the word From
author(s) initials followed by family name, or institute/organisation, preceded with the word by
year of image
retrieval statement in the form of a URL
copyright year and owner and Creative Commons license

Figure 4

MRI

Note. A magnetic resonance imaging machine. From "MRI," by L. West, 2012, (https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/7694882446). Copyright 2012 by L. West. CC BY 2.0.

Reference list

The figure must appear in the reference list, and the citation is formatted in correct APA style of the original source.

West, L. (2012). MRI. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/7694882446

Copyright information for the MRI image

"MRI" Opens in new window by Liz West Opens in new window can be reused under the CC BY 2.0 license. Opens in new window

Images

Citing sources in a table

The information and examples below outline how to reference a table where the information in the table has been derived from another source or sources.

Note: If a table that you create in your written work is entirely your own and does not include information from other sources, you should include a table number (in bold) and a brief title (italicised).

Note: If you are copying an entire table from another source without altering the layout or combining its data from other sources, you should then reference it as per the other examples in the Images section e.g. book/journal article, webpage etc.

In-text citation

When citing tables in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:

1. within the written body of your paper, as you would for a normal in-text reference, and

2. in the table layout include table number, brief title and notes

Refer to the table by its assigned number. Do NOT refer to the table as "the Table above/below", or "the Table on page 17".

As shown in Table 5 . . .

Table 5 illustrates . . .

The data shows . . . (Table 5).

Table layout

Table caption

A table that cites other sources will include a double-spaced caption with the following elements above the table: label of table in bold (e.g. Table 5) followed by the title of the table (in italics).

Names of studies included within table

If the information in the table includes references to relevant sources, then notes below the table are not required (this is commonly the case with summary tables of previous studies).

Table 5

Summary of studies about gait rehabilitation after stroke

Study	Heading 1	Heading 2	Heading 3
Bonini-Rocha et al., 2018	cell content	cell content	cell content
Bortole et al., 2015	cell content	cell content	cell content
Kal et al., 2018	cell content	cell content	cell content
Liu, 2018	cell content	cell content	cell content

Superscript letters representing sources used

Use a superscript lower-case letter to indicate in the table any in-text citations used.
If direct quotes are used, quotation marks should be used in the table.
Provide a note below the table organised according to where the superscripts appear in the table following the left-to-right, top-to-bottom order.
If direct quotes are used, page numbers must be included in the in-text citation.

Table 6

Summary of studies about gait rehabilitation after stroke

Heading 1	Heading 2	Heading 3
cell content	cell content^a	cell content
cell content	"cell content"^b	cell content^d
cell content	cell content	cell content^a
cell content	cell content^c	cell content^c

Note. ^aKal et al. (2018). ^bBonini-Rocha et al. (2018, p. 402). ^cLiu (2018). ^dBortole et al. (2015).

Reference list

All reference list entries should appear as per the convention of the source being referenced. Please refer to the relevant section(s) within Easy Cite.

Other sources

Conference proceedings

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets.

If there are three or more authors list the first family name followed by et al.

It is suggested that . . . (Katashev et al., 2015).

Katashev et al. (2015) state that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the conference proceedings.

"For the data acquisition, patients were asked to perform 3 deep breath cycles with hands placed on the back of their heads" (Katashev et al., 2015, pp. 63-64).

Reference list

For proceedings sourced from a print book or e-book, use the same format for a book or book chapter e.g. author(s), year of publication, title of conference paper, editor(s), title of book in italics, page number(s) in brackets, publisher and DOI.

Katashev, A., Romberg, K., Danielsson, A., & Saraste, H. (2015). Application of 3D scanner for estimation of chest movement in scoliotic patients. In H. Mindedal & M. Persson (Eds.). 16th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering: 16 NBC & 10. MTD 2014 joint conferences (pp. 63-66). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12967-9

Other sources

Thesis, online

Paraphrasing in-text

The characteristics of insulin deficiency are . . . (Wang, 2015).

Wang (2015) argues that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the thesis.

"Both ectopic lipids and ER stress have been suggested to be responsible for the inhibition of insulin signalling" (Wang, 2015, p. 129).

Reference list

For a thesis sourced from an institutional repository, use the following format: author, year of publication in brackets, title in italics, identify the type of work and institution in square brackets e.g. [Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University] or [Master's thesis, RMIT University], repository/archive/database name and include a retrieval statement in the form of a URL.

Wang, H. (2015). Protein degradation pathways in hepatic ER stress and insulin resistance [Doctoral dissertation, RMIT University]. RMIT Research Repository. http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/view/rmit:161444

For a thesis sourced from a library database include the following information: author, year of publication in brackets, title in italics, accession or order number in brackets, type of work and institution in square brackets, and the name of the database.

Sutherland, A. M. (2016). Technology for single cell protein analysis in immunology and cancer prognostics (Order No. 3738948) [Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Technology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Other sources

Standards

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the organisation name (in this instance, Standards Australia) and year of publication in brackets.

Needle tip evaluation methods are determined by . . . (Standards Australia, 2014).

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the Standard.

"Sterile acupuncture needles for single use shall be sterilized through a validated sterilization process in order to ensure that the products are sterile" (Standards Australia, 2014, p. 9).

Reference list

Provide the title in italics, the standard number in brackets and a URL.

Standards Australia. (2014). Sterile acupuncture needles for single use (AS ISO Standard No. 17218:2014). https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-us/Standards/AS-ISO-17218-2014-111547_SAIG_AS_AS_233329/

Other sources

PowerPoint slides

Paraphrasing in-text

If referencing a PowerPoint presentation that has been published and sourced online (e.g. SlideShare) then it must be cited both in-text, and in the reference list.

To reference a PowerPoint presentation that was taken from a university learning management system (e.g. Canvas), refer to the Other sources > Course materials section.

Chiropractic improves . . . (Haavik, 2014).

Haavik (2014) states that . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the slide number(s) from the slide.

Use s. to denote slide number. If there is no assigned slide number then count the number of slides from the beginning.

"Spinal function impacts integration of sensory information" (Haavik, 2014, s. 85).

Haavik (2014) notes that "spinal function impacts integration of sensory information" (s. 85).

Reference list

The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year of publication, title of the slide presentation in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [PowerPoint slides], Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL.

Haavik, H. (2014). How to confidently communicate the science of chiropractic [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/heidihaavik/how-to-confidently-communicate-the-science-of-chiropractic

Other sources

Course materials

Only include a full reference to lecture notes or class materials that are behind a login screen (such as Canvas) if you are writing for an audience that will be able to retrieve them. Otherwise, cite it as a personal communication.

Examples of course materials are:

lecture recordings
PowerPoint slides from lectures
practical/laboratory manuals

Lecture recording

Paraphrasing in-text

When citing in-text, include the author family name and year.

Lee's (2017) lecture outlined the differences between . . .

Reference list

The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year, month and day of lecture, title of the lecture in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [Lecture recording], LMS@Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).

Lee, M. (2017, May 10). Maslow's hierarchy [Lecture recording]. Canvas@RMIT University. https://rmit.instructure.com

PowerPoint slides from lectures

Paraphrasing in-text

When citing in-text, be sure to include the author family name and year

The topic of postural assessment was examined and found that . . . (Draper, 2017).

Reference list

The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year of publication, title of the slide presentation in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [PowerPoint slides], LMS@Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).

Draper, B. (2017). Postural assessment [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@RMIT University. https://rmit.instructure.com

Practical / Laboratory manual

Paraphrasing in-text

When citing in-text, be sure to include the author family name and year.

Mouradov (2017) explains the process of plasmid transferral is . . .

Reference list

The reference list citation should include: the author(s) name, year of publication, title of the practical/laboratory manual in italics, a description of the form type inside square brackets e.g. [Practical manual], LMS@Publisher name, and a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (use the login page).

Mouradov, A. (2017). ONPS1052 gene technologies 1 - practical class [Practical manual]. Canvas@RMIT University. https://rmit.instructure.com

Other sources

Report, government or corporate

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include either the author/company/government department name and year of publication in brackets.

Public hospital expenditure increased dramatically . . . (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016).

Direct quote in-text

Many electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format.

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote if taken from a PDF document.

If the document does NOT contain page numbers, then use the name of the section and the paragraph number as part of the in-text reference.

"For private hospitals, the recurrent expenditure data provided for 2014–15 are considered comparable with the data provided for 2010–11 to 2013–14" (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016, p. 47).

Reference list

Include the author(s) if stated; otherwise add the company, organisation or government department, followed by the year of publication in brackets.

As the document is a report, the title is italicised and, if there is a report number, place it in brackets immediately after the title. If the report has been sourced online make sure to include the retrieval statement.

Only identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement if the publisher has NOT been identified as the author.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). Hospital resources 2014–15: Australian hospital statistics (Health services series No. 71, Cat. No. HSE 176). http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=60129556122

Other sources

Student's own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.

Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window

The Publication manual of the American Psychological Association does not provide information on how to cite your own work. The following is based on how to cite dissertations and theses.

If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.

Paraphrasing in-text

For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:

Studies indicate that . . . (Smith, 2018).

Smith (2018) noted that . . .

According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the previous work.

"Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders" (Smith, 2018, p. 3).

Reference list

In the Reference list include:

Student name
Year of previous work
Title of previous work (italicised)
Unpublished paper (in square brackets)
Institution name

Smith, J. (2018). An analysis of personality theory [Unpublished paper]. RMIT University.

Referencing for students: AGLC4 style

Using AGLC4

General principles

The AGLC4 style consists of:

Footnotes to provide information about sources used in your work.
Within the text of your work, footnote numbers (using a superscript) are positioned after punctuation.
Footnotes appear at the end of each page of your work.
Use a full stop at the end of each footnote.
Separate multiple sources in a footnote with a semicolon (;).
A Pinpoint is the particular page, paragraph or chapter number from which you have sourced information.
The first time a source is cited, it is cited in full. Thereafter, it is appropriate to use either 'ibid' or 'n'. See AGLC section 1.4.
If a bibliography is required it should be provided at the end of the paper. Give details of each source mentioned in the text, as well as details of other sources consulted in preparing the paper.

In-text example

Recent developments in Australian law following the decision of the High Court in IceTV Pty Ltd v Network Nine Australia Pty Ltd illustrate a fundamental shift in the approach of courts regarding the importance and form of authorship.¹

Footnote example

¹ IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd [2009] HCA 14.

Pinpoint references

A pinpoint reference within a footnote directs the reader to a particular place in the cited work:

For sources such as cases, books or journal articles, a pinpoint reference might refer the reader to a particular chapter, page or paragraph.
For legislative materials, pinpoint references can also refer to parts, sections, clauses or divisions.
A pinpoint reference is provided at the end of the footnote.

See section 3.1.4 of the AGLC4 Opens in new window for a full list of abbreviations used in pinpoint references for legislative materials.

Repeat citations

When a source is cited more than once in a paper the full bibliographic details should only be provided in the first instance.

The terms 'Ibid' and 'n' are used for repeat citations of the same work. In some circumstances, 'above (n)' or 'below (n)' are used to direct the reader to a specific part or reference within a text.

Using 'Ibid'

Use 'Ibid' in a footnote where the immediately preceding footnote refers to the same work. The exception to this rule is if a footnote lists more than one source (in this case use 'n').

If a footnote refers to the same work and to the same pinpoint reference, simply use 'Ibid'. The pinpoint reference does not need to be repeated in this case.

If a footnote refers to the same work but to a different pinpoint reference, use 'Ibid' followed by the pinpoint reference.

¹ IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd [2009] HCA 14.

² Ibid.

³ Ibid HCA 15-16.

Using 'n'

Use 'n' to refer to a source that has been cited in a previous footnote other than the immediately preceding one.

If citing a source that has already been referred to then a shortened form of the citation should be provided (e.g. shortened author name or title), along with the footnote number (n) in parentheses. Also include the pinpoint if different from the first citation.

¹ IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd [2009] HCA 14.

...

⁴ IceTV (n 1) HCA 17.

Note: If referring to a specific part/s or reference/s within a text then use 'above (n)' or 'below (n)' where appropriate. See AGLC section 1.4.2 for further details.

⁵ See above n 1 and accompanying text.

⁶ See below n 7 Part II(A).

Using AGLC4

General rules for the bibliography

If a bibliography is required list all works referred to both in footnotes and in the body of your assignment, as well as all works consulted in writing your assignment.

The bibliography is divided into sections as outlined in AGLC 1.13:

A. Articles/Books/Reports

B. Cases

C. Legislation

D. Treaties

E. Other

Note: Organise items alphabetically under each heading.

Note that details provided in the bibliography are almost identical to details provided in the footnotes, with the following exceptions:

Invert the first author's first name and family name and separate these with a comma.
Pinpoint references are not included; however, note that the starting page number for journal articles and cases is not a pinpoint and remains part of the citation.
There is no full stop at the end of a bibliography entry.

Using AGLC4

Example of a bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Articles/Books

Bodkin, Colin, Patent Law in Australia (Thomson Reuters, 2^nd ed, 2014)

Meagher, Dan, 'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture Forum' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review 307

B Cases

Roadshow Films Pty Limited v iiNet Limited [2012] HCA 16; (2012) 248 CLR 42

Walton v Gardiner (1993) 112 ALR 289

C Legislation

Copyright Act 1968 (Cth)

Wrongs Act 1958 (Vic)

D Other

Board of Examiners, Admission Requirements (18 February 2010) Council of Legal Information <http://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au>

Case law

Reported decision

Case name	Year	Volume	Report series	Starting page
Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd	(2012)	286	ALR	466

Party names are italicised.
Where parties are individuals, given names and initials are omitted.
Where a party is a business corporation or firm, abbreviations such as Co (company), Ltd (Limited), and Pty (proprietary) are used.
Where the Crown is the first named party, Rex (the 'King') or Regina (the 'Queen') is abbreviated to 'R'.
Where the Crown is the respondent 'The King' or 'The Queen' is written in full.
Law report series are abbreviated.
The first page of the case should appear after the series details.
A full stop is used at the end of a footnote.
A full stop is not used in a bibliography.

Footnote examples

Type	Footnote example
Individual party names	¹ Smith v Smith [1948] 2 ALR 475.
Company party names	¹ Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 286 ALR 466.
The Crown as the first party	¹ R v Milat (2005) 157 A Crim R 565.
The Crown as respondent	¹ Smith v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 325.

Bibliography examples

Type	Bibliography example
Individual party names	Smith v Smith [1948] 2 ALR 475
Company party names	Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 286 ALR 466
The Crown as the first party	R v Milat (2005) 157 A Crim R 565
The Crown as respondent	Smith v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 325

Pinpoint references

A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of a decision:

A pinpoint reference to a page should appear as a number – do not use 'p' or 'pg'.
A pinpoint reference to a paragraph should appear as a number in square brackets '[ ]'.

Example of a pinpoint reference to a page

¹ Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 286 ALR 466, 3.

Example of a pinpoint reference to a paragraph

¹ Village Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd (2012) 286 ALR 466, 488 [95].

Law report abbreviations

Legal abbreviations for Australian and international law reports, law journals, legal organisations, courts, etc. can be accessed via the Monash University website Opens in new window .
Legal abbreviations for English language legal publications, from the British Isles, the Commonwealth and the United States can be accessed via the Cardiff University database Opens in new window .

Case law

Unreported decision

Case name	[Year]	Court	Judgement no.	Full date
Rowland v Alfred Health	[2014]	FCA	2	(15 January 2014)

Unreported decisions utilise a 'medium neutral citation' that does not depend on a publisher or medium.
The party names are listed first and italicised.
The year is enclosed in square brackets '[ ]'.
Court identifiers are abbreviated. For example, FCA is used for Federal Court of Australia and HCA for the High Court of Australia.
Judgement numbers are commonly used, these are applied by the relevant court.
The full date of the judgement is in parentheses '( )'.
A full stop is used at the end of a footnote.
A full stop is not used in a bibliography.

Footnote examples

Type	Footnote example
Individual party names	¹ Stanford v Stanford [2012] HCA 52 (15 November 2012).
Company party names	¹ Trusted Cloud Pty Ltd v Core Desktop Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 33 (3 February 2015).
The Crown as the first party	¹ R v Coulter [2014] VSC 42 (27 February 2014).
The Crown as respondent	¹ Picone v The Queen [2015] VSCA 5 (5 February 2015).

Bibliography examples

Type	Bibliography example
Individual party names	Stanford v Stanford [2012] HCA 52 (15 November 2012)
Company party names	Trusted Cloud Pty Ltd v Core Desktop Pty Ltd [2015] FCA 33 (3 February 2015)
The Crown as the first party	R v Coulter [2014] VSC 42 (27 February 2014)
The Crown as respondent	Picone v The Queen [2015] VSCA 5 (5 February 2015)

Pinpoint references

A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of a decision:

A pinpoint reference to a page should appear as a number – do not use 'p' or 'pg'.
A pinpoint reference to a paragraph should appear as a number in square brackets '[ ]'.

Example of a pinpoint reference to a page

¹ Stanford v Stanford [2012] HCA 52 (15 November 2012) 22.

Example of a pinpoint reference to a paragraph

¹ Stanford v Stanford [2012] HCA 52 (15 November 2012) [12].

Law report abbreviations

Legal abbreviations for Australian and international law reports, law journals, legal organisations, courts, etc. can be accessed via the Monash University website Opens in new window .
Legal abbreviations for English language legal publications, from the British Isles, the Commonwealth and the United States can be accessed via the Cardiff University database Opens in new window .

Referencing case law: 'in text' and pinpoint references

In text references

An 'in text' reference usually cites the case, text or reference in the body of an essay or report.
A footnote should immediately follow the portion of text which it is relevant to
It should also follow directly after any relevant punctuation (i.e. a full stop or comma)
A full stop should appear at the end of all footnotes citing case law.

In text reference example

"Recent developments in Australian law following the decision of the High Court in IceTV Pty Ltd v Network Nine Australia Pty Ltd (IceTV)¹ illustrate a fundamental shift in the approach of courts regarding the importance and form of authorship."

Pinpoint references

A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of a decision

A pinpoint reference to a page should appear as a number – do not use 'p' or 'pg'
A pinpoint reference to a paragraph should appear as a number in square brackets.

Example of pinpoint reference to a page

Universal Music Australia Pty Ltd and Others v Sharman License Holdings Ltd and Others (2005) 220 ALR 1, 3.

Example of a pinpoint reference to a paragraph

Roadshow Films Pty Ltd v iiNet Ltd, (2012) 286 ALR 466, 488 [95]

Legislation

Statute or regulation (Act of Parliament)

Title	Year	Jurisdiction	Pinpoint
Copyright Act	1968	(Cth)	s 1

Both the title of the act and the year in which the act was passed appear in italics.
The jurisdiction is abbreviated and within parentheses '( )'.
Regulations, rules and orders should be cited in the same manner as primary legislation: title; year; jurisdiction (in parentheses).
Both the title of the act and the year in which the regulation was passed appear in italics.

Footnote example

¹ Climate Change Act 2010 (Vic).

Bibliography example

Climate Change Act 2010 (Vic)

Pinpoint references

A pinpoint reference is a reference to a specific page, paragraph or other section of an Act, or regulation.
Pinpoint references should appear as abbreviations and a number separated by a space.
Where referencing a section, separate the relevant reference with a space with an 's' but do not use a full stop.

Pinpoint example

Climate Change Act 2010 (Vic) pt 3 div 2 s 16

Abbreviations for Australian jurisdictions

Commonwealth – Cth
Australian Capital Territory – ACT
New South Wales – NSW
Northern Territory – NT
Queensland – QLD
South Australia – SA
Tasmania – Tas
Victoria – Vic
Western Australia – WA

Books and e-books

Single author

These rules apply when referencing both printed books and e-books.

Author	Title	Publication details	Pinpoint
Mathew Rimmer,	Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions	(Edward Elgar, 2008)	120-123

The name of the author should appear exactly as it does in the source.
If the publication is authored by a body (government department, corporation etc.) use that as the author.
The title of the book should appear in italics as it does on the title page.
A brief version of the publisher's name should appear in parenthesis followed by publication year.
Where there are multiple editions of a book an edition number should be included after the publisher's name (i.e. 3^rd).

Footnote example

¹ Mathew Rimmer, Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions (Edward Elgar, 2008).

Pinpoint example

¹ Mathew Rimmer, Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions (Edward Elgar, 2008) 120-123.

Bibliography example

When the citation appears in a bibliography, list the family name first. Sources should be listed in alphabetical order by family name.

Rimmer, Mathew, Intellectual Property and Biotechnology: Biological Inventions (Edward Elgar, 2008)

Other examples

Use of edition number

Colin Bodkin, Patent Law in Australia (Thomson Reuters, 2^nd ed, 2014)

Corporate author

Australian Law Reform Commission, Family Violence: a Legal Response: Summary Report (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2010)

Books and e-books

Multiple authors or edited work

These rules apply when referencing both printed books and e-books.

Author	Title	Publication details
Geoffrey A. Manne and Joshua D Wright,	Competition Policy and Patent Law under Uncertainty Regulating Innovation	(Cambridge University Press, 2011)

Where there are two or three authors, the names of all authors should be included and the word 'and' should separate the names of the last two authors.
If there are more than three authors, list the first named author followed by 'et al'.

Footnote examples

Edited book

¹ Belinda Bennett (ed), Globalization and Health (Springer, 2008).

Book with three authors

¹ Damien J Cremean, Michael H Whitten and Michael F. Sharkey, Brooking on building contracts: the law and practice relating to building and engineering agreements (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5^th ed, 2014).

Book with four or more authors

¹ Patrick Thomas George et al, Social Media and the Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2010).

Pinpoint example

¹ Belinda Bennett (ed), Globalization and Health (Springer, 2008) 21.

Bibliography example

When the citation appears in a bibliography, list the family name first. Sources should be listed in alphabetical order by family name.

Bennett, Belinda (ed), Globalization and Health (Springer, 2008)

Books and e-books

Chapter in an edited book

These rules apply when referencing both printed books and e-books.

Author	Chapter title	in Author	Title	Details
William Gough,	'Securities over Debts'	in Gregory Burton (ed),	Directions in Finance Law	(Butterworths, 1990)

When citing chapters in a book list the author and enclose the title of the chapter in single inverted commas - do not italicise the title.
Details of the book follow the same conventions for books with a single or multiple authors.

Footnote example

¹ William Gough, 'Securities over Debts' in Gregory Burton (ed), Directions in Finance Law (Butterworths, 1990).

Pinpoint example

¹ William Gough, 'Securities over Debts' in Gregory Burton (ed), Directions in Finance Law (Butterworths, 1990) 223.

Bibliography example

When the citation appears in a bibliography, list the family name first. Sources should be listed in alphabetical order by family name.

Gough, William, 'Securities over Debts' in Gregory Burton (ed), Directions in Finance Law (Butterworths, 1990)

Books

Encyclopaedia

Publisher	Title	Date	Title no. and name	Chapter no. and name	Paragraph
LexisNexis,	Halsbury's Laws of Australia	(at 1 June 2011)	90 Constitutional Law,	'6 Limitations on Legislative Powers'	[90-2226]

Footnote example

¹ LexisNexis, Halsbury's Laws of Australia (at 1 June 2011) 90 Constitutional Law, '6 Limitations on Legislative Powers' [90-2226].

Bibliography example

LexisNexis, Halsbury's Laws of Australia (at 1 June 2011) 90 Constitutional Law, '6 Limitations on Legislative Powers'

A note on citing e-books

Many books appear in both printed and online versions.
If this is the case, then use the same conventions for citing a printed text.
Use these conventions even if you sourced the book online.

Articles

Journal article with single author

Author	Title	Year	Vol. & Issue	Journal	Page
Dan Meagher,	'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture Forum'	(2012)	17 (2)	Deakin Law Review	307

The name of the author appears first.
The title appears within single quotation marks (un-italicised).
The year appears in parentheses '( )'.
For journals organised by volume number, the volume number should follow the year.
The full title of the journal as it appears on the title page should appear in italics.
The number of the first page of an article should follow the title of the journal. No punctuation should separate the starting page from the title.
Do not use abbreviations for titles (use 'Australian Law Review' not ALR).
Articles from electronic journals should only be cited where a printed edition does not exist.

Footnote example

¹ Dan Meagher, 'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review, 307.

Pinpoint example

¹ Dan Meagher, 'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review 307, 22.

Bibliography example

Meagher, Dan, 'Digital Sampling/Remix Culture' (2012) 17(2) Deakin Law Review 307

Articles

Journal article with multiple authors

Two authors	Title	Year	Vol. & Issue	Journal	Page
Samantha Joseph and Erin Mackay,	'Moral Rights and Indigenous Communities'	2006	3	Art and Law,	6

When citing the names of the authors, they should appear in the exact order as they are listed in the source material.
Where there are two or three authors, the names of all authors should be included and the word 'and' should separate the names of the last two authors.
Where there are more than three authors, the family name of the author appearing first on the source should be included, followed by 'et al'.
The title appears within single quotation marks (un-italicised).
The full title of the journal should appear as it does on the title page in italics.

Two or three authors

Footnote example

¹ Benjamin Hayward, John Morss and Oscar Roos, 'Beyond the Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and the Regulatory Proscription of Terrorist Organisations' (2010) 35 (1) University of Western Australia Law Review, 81.

Pinpoint example

¹ Benjamin Hayward, John Morss and Oscar Roos, 'Beyond the Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and the Regulatory Proscription of Terrorist Organisations' (2010) 35 (1) University of Western Australia Law Review 81, 83.

Bibliography example

Hayward, Benjamin, Morss, John and Roos, Oscar, 'Beyond the Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and the Regulatory Proscription of Terrorist Organisations' (2010) 35 (1) University of Western Australia Law Review 81

Three or more authors

Footnote example

¹ Gary Edmond et al, 'Law's Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images' (2009) 20 Current issues in Criminal Justice, 337.

Pinpoint example

¹ Gary Edmond et al, 'Law's Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images' (2009) 20 Current issues in Criminal Justice, 337, 338.

Bibliography example

Edmond, Gary et al, 'Law's Looking Glass: Expert Identification Evidence Derived from Photographic and Video Images' (2009) 20 Current issues in Criminal Justice 337

Articles

Newspaper article

Author	Title	Newspaper	(Place)	Date	Pinpoint
Laura Tingle	'Norway fund ponders dumping coal',	The Australian Financial Review,	(Sydney)	24 February 2015,	8

The title of the article should appear un-italicised within single quotation marks.
The title of the newspaper should be italicised.
The place of publication is in parentheses '( )'.
The full date is noted.

Footnote example

¹ Laura Tingle, 'Norway fund ponders dumping coal', The Australian Financial Review, (Sydney), 24 February 2015.

Pinpoint example

¹ Laura Tingle, 'Norway fund ponders dumping coal', The Australian Financial Review, (Sydney), 24 February 2015, 8.

Bibliography example

Tingle, Laura, 'Norway fund ponders dumping coal', The Australian Financial Review, (Sydney), 24 February 2015

Online sources

Internet source

Author	Document title	Full date	Website name	URL
Board of Examiners,	Admission Requirements	(18 February 2010)	Council of Legal Information	<http://lawadmissions.vic.gov.au>

A source should only be cited like this if it does not exist in published form.
The author's name should be included if available on the webpage or document.
The title of the page or document cited should be included in italics after the author's name.
Where available, the full date of the last update of the page or document should be included.
The name of the general website where the document resides should be included if available.
The website address (URL) should be enclosed within '< >' symbols.

Footnote example

¹ Board of Examiners, Admission Requirements (18 February 2010) Council of Legal Information <http://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au>

Bibliography example

Board of Examiners, Admission Requirements (18 February 2010) Council of Legal Information <http://www.lawadmissions.vic.gov.au>

Audiovisual material

Film and audiovisual material

Title	(Directed by Name, Production Company, Year)	Pinpoint
A Few Good Men	(Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992)	1:15:25

The same convention applies for both film and sound recordings.
List the title first in italics.
Enclose the name of the director, production company and year of the recording in parentheses '( )'.
Pinpoint references should be at the point of time of the recording, and appear in the following format - hours: minutes: seconds.

Footnote example

¹ A Few Good Men (Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992).

Pinpoint example

¹ A Few Good Men (Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992) 1:15:25.

Bibliography example

A Few Good Men (Directed by Rob Reiner, Castle Rock Entertainment, 1992)

Audiovisual material

Television or radio transcript

Broadcaster	Title of segment	Name of program	Full date	Name of speaker
ABC Radio National,	'Using evidence obtained in search warrants',	The Law Report,	3 February 2015	(Damian Carrick)

List the name of the broadcaster first.
Enclose the title of the segment in single quotation marks.
Italicise the name of the program.
List the full date of the program.
The name of the speaker should be included in parentheses '( )'.
A URL may be included after the speaker's name where the transcript is available online.
The webpage address (URL) should be enclosed within '< >' symbols.

Footnote example

¹ ABC Radio National, 'Using evidence obtained in search warrants', The Law Report, 3 February 2015, (Damian Carrick) <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lawreport/surfers-paradise/6028122#transcript>

Bibliography example

ABC Radio National, 'Using evidence obtained in search warrants', The Law Report, 3 February 2015, (Damian Carrick) <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lawreport/surfers-paradise/6028122#transcript>

Other sources

Student's own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.

Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window

The publication, Australian Guide to Legal Citation (4^th ed, 2018) does not provide guidelines on how to cite your own work. The following examples show how to cite your own work that you have previously submitted for assessment.

If you cite or quote your own previous work, treat yourself as the author and the title of your previous assessment as an unpublished paper.

Note: If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well.

Include the following details:

Student name
'Title of previous work'
Unpublished paper
University
Month Year

Footnote example

For example, if Geoffrey Smith wanted to cite a paper they wrote at RMIT University in 2019, their footnote reference may look like this:

¹ Geoffrey Smith, 'Australia's copyright law reforms' (unpublished paper, RMIT University, October 2019).

Pinpoint example

¹ Geoffrey Smith, 'Australia's copyright law reforms' (unpublished paper, RMIT University, October 2019) 5.

Bibliography example

Smith, Geoffrey, 'Australia's copyright law reforms' (unpublished paper, RMIT University, October 2019)

Using Vancouver

General rules for in-text citations

References are numbered consecutively in the order in which they first appear in the text. For example, the first source is given the number 1, the second source 2, and so on.
Once you have given a source a number, use the same number whenever you refer to that source in the text.
Identifying numbers are placed outside the sentence punctuation. In the text, the number appears in parentheses (either round or square) or as superscript. Examples:

The theory was first put forward in 1987. (1)

The theory was first put forward in 1987. [1]

The theory was first put forward in 1987.¹

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you use someone else's ideas or research and express them in your own words. The way you cite the information depends on the emphasis you wish to apply.

Information-prominent citations emphasise the information you have paraphrased or quoted from an author:

. . . as evidenced from a recent Australian study. (1)

Author-prominent citations emphasise the author. Note: When citing a reference with multiple authors, list the first author, and then abbreviate subsequent authors using et al.

In his research, Jones (2) asserts that . . .

Morton et al. (2) suggest that the use of binomial control charts . . .

Direct quotes

Direct quotes are rarely used in the Vancouver style. However, if you use the exact wording of a source:

include the page number in the in-text citation
enclose short direct quotes within quotation marks

Note: Within the parentheses, the in-text number is followed by a space, then the lower case letter 'p' with no space and the page number.

"The increasing availability and growth rate of biomedical information, also known as 'big data', provides an opportunity for future personalized medicine programs that will significantly improve patient care". (1 p433)

Quotes longer than four lines should be indented in a block, in reduced type and without quotation marks:

With the increased need to store data and information generated by big projects, computational solutions, such as cloud-based computing, have emerged. Cloud computing is the only storage model that can provide the elastic scale needed for DNA sequencing, whose rate of technology advancement could now exceed Moore's Law. Moore's law is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits and the speed of computers double approximately every 2 years. (1 p433)

Using Vancouver

Citing multiple references at the same point in-text

When citing more than one reference at the same point in your text, give the relevant numbers, separated by commas. Include one space between the comma and the next number:

A number of researchers (4, 5) discovered that . . .

A number of researchers (3, 6, 10) discovered that . . .

If the references have consecutive numbers, then use a hyphen. There should be no spaces between numbers and hyphens:

A number of researchers (4-7) discovered that . . .

Using Vancouver

General rules for the reference list

On a new page, under the heading 'Reference List', list the publication details of all your in-text references. The reference list should be at the end of your document.
List references numerically in the order they first appear in the text.
Include only those works cited in the text. List all other sources you have used separately under the heading 'Bibliography'.
Format the reference list to be single-spaced with one line space between each entry.

Titles

Do not use italics for any titles, e.g. book titles, journal titles, titles of journal articles.
For book titles and journal article titles, capitalise the first word and proper nouns only (i.e. use minimal capitalisation).
For journal titles, use an abbreviated format. To find the title abbreviation, go to the PubMed database, select "Journals in NCBI Datbases", and then enter the journal's full title to display its abbreviation.

Authors

For authors, begin with the family name followed by the initial(s). There are no spaces or full stops between initials (e.g. Smith AB).
Where there are six or fewer authors, list all the authors.
If there are more than six authors, list the first six followed by et al.

Place of publication

For the place of publication, add the city, and then qualify it – see below – by the state code or country name.

Cities in the USA and Canada: Include the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province, e.g. St Louis (MO); Hamilton (ON).
Cities in other countries: Use either the country name after all cities not in the USA or Canada, e.g. Melbourne (Australia); Oxford (England).

Pagination

For books in the Reference List, pagination (i.e. total number of pages) is optional. Note: The examples in this guide do not include pagination for books.

Punctuation for references ending with a URL

End citations with a full stop unless the citation ends with a URL or other electronic address.

Check:

If the URL ends with a forward slash, end the citation with a full stop.
If the URL does not end with a forward slash, do not end the citation with a full stop.

Using Vancouver

Example of a reference list

Reference list

Sullivan EJ. Becoming influential: a guide for nurses. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Pearson; 2013.
Morton A, Mengersen KL, Playford G, Whitby M. Statistical methods for hospital monitoring with R. Chichester (England): John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
Goering RV, Dockrell HM, Wakelin D, Zuckerman M, Chiodini PL, Roitt IM, et al. Mims' medical microbiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby Elsevier; 2008.
Colbert BJ, Ankney J, Lee KT. Anatomy, physiology & disease: an interactive journey for health professionals. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson Education; 2013.
Davis J, Birks M, Chapman YB, editors. Inclusive practice for health professionals. South Melbourne, (Australia): Oxford University Press; 2015.
Williams G. Population health and health outcomes. In: Davis J, Birks M, Chapman YB, editors. Inclusive practice for health professionals. South Melbourne, (Australia): Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 128-60.
Wagner, HN. Brain imaging: the chemistry of mental activity [Internet]. London (England): Springer London; 2009 [cited 2012 Aug 24]. Available from: SpringerLink eBooks.
Musiek ES. Circadian rhythms in AD pathogenesis: a critical appraisal. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2017 Jun;3(2):85-92.
Marinovich ML, Houssami N, Macaskill P, Sardanelli F, Irwig L, Mamounas EP, et al. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Mar 6;105(5):321-33.
Ogilvy J. Human enhancement and the computational metaphor. J Evol Technol. [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2018 Mar 9];22(1):[about 12 p.]. Available from: https://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm
Our aged-care industry is in real peril. Sunday Age. 2016 Oct 2:25 (col. 2).
NSW must not drop its guard against measles. Sydney Morning Herald [Internet]. 2019 Jan 5 [cited 2019 Feb 22]:30. Available from: Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.
Hill J. High time for an ovary-action to stop killer. Newcastle Herald. 2019 Feb 19:12 (col. 1).
Squires M. Vitamin C may become new diabetes treatment. The Advertiser [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2019 Feb 19]:4. Available from: Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.
Mannix L. Universal flu vaccine a big step closer - but it will only help half of us. The Age [Internet]. 2019 Feb 19 [cited 2019 Feb 22]:[about 3 p.]. Available from: https://www.theage.com.au/healthcare/universal-flu-vaccine-a-big-step-closer-but-it-will-only-help-half-of-us-20190218-p50ykw.html
Gustowski S, Budner-Gentry M, Seals, R. Osteopathic techniques: the learner's guide. New York (NY):Thieme; 2017. Figure 4.25, Glenohumeral joint; p. 72.
Fernandez-Lizarbe E, Montero A, Polo A, Hernanz R, Moris R, Formenti S, Ramos A. Pilot study of feasibility and dosimetric comparison of prone versus supine breast radiotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 15:450-9. Figure 2, Dose distributions for a left-breast tumor (a, b) at the level of surgical bed defined by titanium clips (arrows) and the corresponding DVH (c,d) for supine (left) and prone (right) positions; p. 453.
National Cancer Institute. Parathyroid cancer treatment (PDQ®)–patient version [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; [Figure 1], Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands; [updated 2016 May 27; cited 2016 Aug 11]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/patient/parathyroid-treatment-pdq
Ross JS. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. [cited 2017 Sep 05]. [Figure], Graphic of large recurrent disc herniation shows displacement of the nuclear material through a large defect in the posterior annular fibers with effacement of the ventral thecal sac and displacement of the intrathecal nerve roots. In: Imaging Reference Centre [Internet]. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier. 2017. [about 1 screen]. Available from: https://app.imagingreferencecenter.com/.
West L. MRI [Internet]. Mountain View (CA): Flickr.com; 2012 Aug 1 [cited 2017 Oct 1]. [Figure]. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/7694882446 CC BY 2.0
Benham SA, Amyot D, Forster AJ, Peyton L, Shamsaei A. Goal-driven development of a patient surveillance application for improving patient safety. In: Babin G, Kropf P, Weiss M, editors. E-technologies: innovation in an open world. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, MCETECH; 2009 May 4-6; Ottawa, Canada. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag; 2009. p. 65-76.
CSIRO [Internet]. Canberra (Australia): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; c2015-2017. Wheat a kick in the guts for fighting diseases; 2017 Dec 14 [cited 2018 Jan 15]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: https://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-releases/2017/Wheat-a-kick-in-the-guts-for-fighting-diseases?featured=F29EDEB1728C4A92B579C7A5DC28BAD5
Institute of Biomedical Science. Guidance on quality management in laboratories [Internet]: Institute of Biomedical Science; 2015 [updated 2015 Jun; cited 2016 Sep 1]. Available from: https://www.ibms.org/resources/documents/quality-management-in-laboratories/guidance-on-quality-management-in-laboratories.pdf

Book

Book with single author

In-text paraphrasing

Using a case study, Sullivan (1) demonstrates the relationship between goal setting and career advancement.

Effective verbal and non-verbal communication skills are essential for nurses. (1)

In-text direct quote

According to Sullivan (1), nurses "get fulfillment from caring for others". (p29)

While the public may value nurses highly, "nursing ranks low in career desirability". (1 p47)

Reference list

1. Sullivan EJ. Becoming influential: a guide for nurses. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Pearson; 2013.

Books

Book with multiple authors

In-text citations

For an in-text citation that has multiple authors, list the first author, and then abbreviate subsequent authors using et al.

Researchers are advised that "the possibility of bias should be kept in mind". (2 p132)

Morton et al. (2) suggest that the use of binomial control charts ...

Reference list

In the reference list:

If there are six or fewer authors, list all the authors
If there are more than six authors, list the first six, followed by et al.

2. Morton A, Mengersen KL, Playford G, Whitby M. Statistical methods for hospital monitoring with R. Chichester (England): John Wiley & Sons; 2013.

3. Goering RV, Dockrell HM, Wakelin D, Zuckerman M, Chiodini PL, Roitt IM, et al. Mims' medical microbiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Mosby Elsevier; 2008.

Books

Book with an edition number

In-text citations

Whether you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote, in-text citations do not include the edition number of a book.

Colbert et al. (4) highlight the important role that skin plays in protecting the body.

Reference list

Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." after the book title. There is no need to include edition information if a book is a first edition, or if no edition is mentioned.

4. Colbert BJ, Ankney J, Lee KT. Anatomy, physiology & disease: an interactive journey for health professionals. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson Education; 2013.

Books

Edited book

Usually, part of a chapter in an edited book is cited in-text unless you refer to an edited book as a whole. Firstly, here is how an edited book is cited in-text and then in the reference list.

In-text citations

Cite as you would for a book with an author or authors. If the book has multiple editors, list the first editor and then abbreviate subsequent editors using et al.

Changes to the nature of healthcare as they relate to inclusive practice are outlined by Davis et al. (5)

Reference List entry

5. Davis J, Birks M, Chapman YB, editors. Inclusive practice for health professionals. South Melbourne (Australia): Oxford University Press; 2015.

Chapter in an edited book

In-text citations

In the example below, Williams wrote a particular chapter in an edited book and some information in it has been paraphrased. The Reference List entry, given the number (6), shows the author's name and chapter title, followed by details of the book in which that chapter is found.

According to Williams (6), National Health Surveys are valuable sources of information on the state of health and well-being of Australians.

Reference List entry

In the Reference List, provide:

the name(s) of the author(s) of the chapter and the chapter title
the citation details for the book in which the chapter is found and the page numbers of the chapter. Preface these details with "In: ... "

6. Williams G. Population health and health outcomes. In: Davis J, Birks M, Chapman YB, editors. Inclusive practice for health professionals. South Melbourne (Australia): Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 128-60.

Books

e-Book

In-text citations

The information provided here is for an e-book from a library database. The rules for citing an e-book in-text are the same as for a physical (i.e. print) book.

According to Wagner (6), the cortical brain blood flow in imprisoned violent lawbreakers is lower than that of the general population.

Reference list

Include the same information as you would for a print book as well as the following additions:

after the title, add the type of medium - for e-books, use: [Internet]
add the date you cited the book in this order: year, month then day, e.g. [cited 2012 Aug 24]
add the name of the Library database which provided the e-book.

6. Wagner HN. Brain imaging: the chemistry of mental activity [Internet]. London (England): Springer London; 2009 [cited 2012 Aug 24]. Available from: SpringerLink eBooks.

Journal

Single author

In-text citations

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. An example of paraphrasing:

In his research, Musiek (8) found that sleep and the circadian system ...

Reference list

Include the following, noting the use of punctuation and spaces.

The author's surname and initials.
The title of the article. Capitalise the first word and proper nouns only (i.e. minimal capitalisation).
The journal title. Note that in the Vancouver style, journal titles are abbreviated. To find the title abbreviation, go to the PubMed database, select "Journals in NCBI Databases", and then enter the journal's full title to display its abbreviation.
The year of publication.
The month. Note that only the first three letters of the month are given. Optional: if available, the Day can be added after the Month, e.g. Mar 5
The volume number of the journal and the issue number (in parentheses).
The page range of the article. Note that page numbers are not repeated unless they are followed by a letter, e.g. 17-8 not 17-18; however, 145A-149A is correct.

8. Musiek ES. Circadian rhythms in AD pathogenesis: a critical appraisal. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2017 Jun;3(2):85-92.

Journal

Multiple author

In-text citations

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. An example of paraphrasing:

Marinovich et al. (9) conducted a systematic review on the accuracy of breast magnetic resonance imaging.

Reference list

Include the following, noting the use of punctuation and spaces.

Where there are six or fewer authors, list all the authors. If there are more than six authors, list the first six followed by et al.
The title of the article. Capitalise the first word and proper nouns only.
The journal title. Note that journal titles are abbreviated. To find the title abbreviation, go to the PubMed database, select "Journals in NCBI Databases", and then enter the journal's full title to display its abbreviation.
The year of publication.
The month. Note that only the first three letters of the month are given. Optional: if available, the Day can be added after the Month, e.g. Mar 5
The volume number of the journal and the issue number (in parentheses).
The page range of the article. Note that page numbers are not repeated unless they are followed by a letter. For example, instead of 17-18 use 17-8; however, where a letter is used, 145A-149A is correct.

In the example below, the article was written by nine authors. Note that only the first six authors are listed, followed by a comma then et al.

9. Marinovich ML, Houssami N, Macaskill P, Sardanelli F, Irwig L, Mamounas EP, et al. Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Mar 6;105(5):321-33.

Journal

Article on the Internet

In-text citations

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. An example of paraphrasing:

Ogilvy explores the excessive preoccupation with enhancing human life: extending life to promote its longevity, and increasing human intelligence. (10)

Reference list

In the Reference List, include the same information as you would for a print journal. Note the punctuation used and where spaces are used or not used. In addition, note the following:

After the journal title, include the type of medium in square brackets, e.g. [Internet]
After the year and month of publication, include the date cited, e.g. [cited 2016 Nov 23] Note: The name of the month is abbreviated.
After the issue number of the article, give the page number range. However, if there is no pagination, give an indication of the length of the article in square brackets. This can be provided as print pages, screens or paragraphs e.g. [about 1 p.], [about 5 screens], [8 paragraphs]
Give the URL, prefacing it with "Available from: ...", e.g. Available from: http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/acm.2008.0348
Note: When a reference ends with a URL, do not include a full stop at the end unless it ends with a forward slash.

10. Ogilvy J. Human enhancement and the computational metaphor. J Evol Technol. [Internet]. 2011 Dec [cited 2018 Mar 9];22(1):[about 12 p.]. Available from: https://jetpress.org/v22/ogilvy.htm

Newspaper articles

No author

In-text paraphrasing

Aged care in Australia does not effectively fulfil the needs of those who use its services. (11)

There should be more investment in vaccination programs in Australia to decrease the threat and concern of measles and other diseases. (12)

In-text direct quote

"Australia's aged-care system is revealing itself to be all too frequently woefully ineffective in meeting the needs of those who rely on its services". (11 p25)

"If we want to reduce the alarms over measles and other diseases, Australia should increase investment in vaccination programs in those countries". (12 p1)

Reference list

If no author has been identified, begin the reference with the title of the article. Do not put "anonymous".

11. Our aged-care industry is in real peril. Sunday Age. 2016 Oct 2:25 (col. 2).

12. NSW must not drop its guard against measles. Sydney Morning Herald [Internet]. 2019 Jan 5 [cited 2019 Feb 22]:30. Available from: Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.

Newspaper articles

Print

In-text paraphrasing

Rating sixth as the most common cancer killer in Australia and being one of the most dangerous of women's cancers, ovarian cancer receives considerably less funding than other cancers of men and women. (13)

In-text direct quote

"Ovarian cancer is the most lethal women's cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer death in Australia but funding for the deadly disease falls well below other women's and men's cancers". (13 p12)

According to Hill (13), "ovarian cancer is the most lethal women's cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer death in Australia but funding for the deadly disease falls well below other women's and men's cancers". (p12)

Reference list

In the reference list:

Do not italicise nor abbreviate the newspaper name. The leading "The" can be dropped, if desired.
If the newspaper is published as a specific edition, add this detail in brackets after the Newspaper name. Do not italicise nor abbreviate edition name. Example: Sydney Morning Herald (Weekend Ed.).
Include the publication year and date (month and day), followed by a colon. Abbreviate months to the first 3 letters.
Add the beginning page of the article and the column number where the article begins.
If applicable, include the Section name after the date, followed by a colon. Add the beginning page of the article and the column number where the article begins. Add a semicolon between the date and Section name. Example: 2018 Apr 3;Business:4 (col. 1).

13. Hill J. High time for an ovary-action to stop killer. Newcastle Herald. 2019 Feb 19:12 (col. 1).

Newspaper articles

Library database

In-text paraphrasing

The discovery could result in an easy, affordable, effective and accessible complementary treatment for 1.2 million Australians currently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. (14)

In-text direct quote

"With 1.2 million Aussies currently living with type 2 diabetes, the breakthrough could lead to a widely-available, simple, cheap and effective complementary treatment for diabetics across the country". (14 p1)

According to Squires (14), "with 1.2 million Aussies currently living with type 2 diabetes, the breakthrough could lead to a widely-available, simple, cheap and effective complementary treatment for diabetics across the country". (p1)

Reference list

In the reference list:

Do not italicise nor abbreviate the newspaper name. The leading "The" can be dropped, if desired.
If the newspaper is published as a specific edition, add this detail in brackets after the Newspaper name. Do not italicise nor abbreviate edition name. Example: Sydney Morning Herald (Weekend Ed.).
Add the word 'Internet' in square brackets after the newspaper name.
Include the publication year and date (month and day). Abbreviate months to the first 3 letters.
Add the date you cited the article (the cited date) in square brackets, followed by a colon.
Add the beginning page of the article.
When the beginning page of the article is not provided, calculate the approximate length of the article in pages, e.g. in the context of printed pages, screens or paragraphs.
Put the length of the article in square brackets after the cited date. Add a colon between the cited date and the length of the article. Example: 2018 Apr 3 [cited 2019 Feb 22]:[about 2 p.].
If applicable, include the Section name after the cited date, followed by a colon and the beginning page of the article. Add a semicolon between the cited date and Section name. Example: 2018 Apr 3 [cited 2019 Feb 22];Business:4.
If the reference has a Section name and the beginning page of the article is not provided, put the length of the article in square brackets after the Section name. Add a colon between the Section name and the length of the article. Example: 2018 Apr 3 [cited 2019 Feb 22];Business:[about 2 p.].
Add the database name the article is available from after the beginning page of the article or, if applicable, after the length of the article. The database name is mentioned last. Do not put the word 'database' unless part of the name.

14. Squires M. Vitamin C may become new diabetes treatment. The Advertiser [Internet]. 2019 Feb 11 [cited 2019 Feb 19]:4. Available from: Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.

Newspaper articles

Webpage

In-text paraphrasing

For researchers of influenza, discovering a vaccine that does not need to be given each year is desirable, yet difficult to achieve. (15)

In-text direct quote

"A one-shot vaccine that does not need annual updates is the Holy Grail for influenza researchers". (15 p1)

According to Mannix (15), "a one-shot vaccine that does not need annual updates is the Holy Grail for influenza researchers". (p1)

Reference list

In the reference list:

Do not italicise nor abbreviate the newspaper name. The leading "The" can be dropped, if desired.
If the newspaper is published as a specific edition, add this detail in brackets after the Newspaper name. Do not italicise nor abbreviate edition name. Example: Sydney Morning Herald (Weekend Ed.).
Add the word 'Internet' in square brackets after the newspaper name.
Include the publication year and date (month and day). Abbreviate months to the first 3 letters.
Add the date you cited the article (the cited date) in square brackets, followed by a colon.
Calculate the approximate length of the article in pages, e.g. in the context of printed pages, screens or paragraphs. Put the length of the article in square brackets after the cited date.
If the reference has a Section name, include the Section name after the cited date, followed by a colon and the length of the article in square brackets. Add a semicolon between the cited date and Section name. Example: 2018 Apr 3 [cited 2019 Feb 22];Business:[about 2 p].
Add the URL link after the length of the article. Do not include a full stop at the end unless the URL ends with a forward slash. The URL link is mentioned last.

15. Mannix L. Universal flu vaccine a big step closer - but it will only help half of us. The Age [Internet]. 2019 Feb 19 [cited 2019 Feb 22]:[about 3 p.]. Available from: https://www.theage.com.au/healthcare/universal-flu-vaccine-a-big-step-closer-but-it-will-only-help-half-of-us-20190218-p50ykw.html

Images

General rules

General rules

In the Vancouver style, the term "illustration" applies to anything that is not written. For example:

images (labelled as "Figures" when included in-text)
tables
charts
graphs

The following are general rules for citing illustrations – whatever the type - using the Vancouver referencing style. However, the specific examples provided in this Vancouver guide are for citing images.

Using numbers

The Vancouver referencing style uses Arabic numerals, e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc., whenever a number is required. Do not use:

Roman numerals, e.g. i, ii, iii
words, e.g. one, two, three

In-text citations

Below the illustration you have inserted in your text, add a caption that includes:

a label and number. The number will depend on where it appears in your text. E.g. If it is the first figure in your text, it will be labelled Figure 1.
the description or title used in the original source
a reference number in parentheses. This is the number that you give it according to where it appears in your text. For example, if it is the 12th source cited in your document, the reference number will be (12).

The reference list

In the reference list, include the sources of all the illustrations that you have used from another source and inserted in your text.

In general, this is the order that the references in your list will include:

the reference number you gave a reference in-text
the standard reference structure for the particular reference type source (e.g. a book)
the figure number that was used in that original source
the title of the illustration
the page number where the illustration is located in the source (if available or applicable)

Images not numbered in the original source, e.g. image on a webpage or in a database

If the illustration is not numbered, give it a number according to its placement on the webpage and enclose it in square brackets. For example, if it is the first illustration in the original source, give it the number 1, e.g. [Figure 1].
If it is the only illustration given in the original source, just use [Figure].

Images

Image from a book

In-text citation

If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:

. . . as shown in Figure 1. (15)

Figure 1 (15) shows that . . .

Figure layout

The caption beneath the image should include:

a label and a number. E.g. If it is the first figure in your text, it will be labelled Figure 1.
the description used in the original source
a reference number in parentheses. For example, if it is the 15th source cited in your document, the reference number will be (15).

Figure 1. Glenohumeral joint. (15)

Reference list

In your reference list, the entry for a book will include:

the reference number you assigned the source of the illustration in your text
the standard reference structure for a book
the figure number that was used in that original source (e.g. in the book example, it was Figure 4.25).
title of the illustration
the page number on which the figure is located in the book

15. Gustowski S, Budner-Gentry M, Seals, R. Osteopathic techniques: the learner's guide. New York (NY):Thieme; 2017. Figure 4.25, Glenohumeral joint; p. 72.

Images

Image from a journal article

In-text citation

If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:

. . . as shown in Figure 1. (11)

Figure 1 (11) shows that . . .

Figure layout

The caption beneath the image should include:

a label and a number. E.g. If it is the first figure in your text, it will be labelled Figure 1.
the description used in the original source
a reference number in parentheses. For example, if it is the 11th source cited in your document, the reference number will be (11).

Figure 1. Dose distributions for a left-breast tumor (a, b) at the level of surgical bed defined by titanium clips (arrows) and the corresponding DVH (c, d) for supine (left) and prone (right) positions. (11)

Reference list

The reference list entry includes the following:

the reference number you assigned the source of the illustration in your text
the standard reference structure for a journal article
the figure number that was used in that original source (e.g. in the journal article example, it was Figure 2).
the title of the figure
the page number on which the figure is located in the journal article

11. Fernandez-Lizarbe E, Montero A, Polo A, Hernanz R, Moris R, Formenti S, Ramos A. Pilot study of feasibility and dosimetric comparison of prone versus supine breast radiotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol. 2013; 15:450-9. Figure 2, Dose distributions for a left-breast tumor (a, b) at the level of surgical bed defined by titanium clips (arrows) and the corresponding DVH (c,d) for supine (left) and prone (right) positions; p. 453.

Images

Image from a webpage

In-text citation

If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:

. . . as shown in Figure 2. (12)

Figure 2 (12) shows that . . .

Figure layout

The caption beneath the image should include:

a label and a number. E.g. If it is the second figure in your text, it will be labelled Figure 2.
the description used in the original source
its reference number in parentheses. For example, if it is the 12th source cited in your document, the reference number will be (12).

Figure 2. Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. (12)

Images not given a title in the original source

If an image has not been given a title or a description, e.g. a photograph, create an appropriate title and enter it in square brackets. For example, [Scar tissue on knee].

Reference list

The reference list entry includes the following:

the reference number you assigned the illustration in your text
the home page and the title of the particular page
the medium, e.g. [Internet]
date of publication: Use the date of publication or date of copyright on the web page/website. If neither can be found, use the date the web page was updated or revised.
figure number and title given in the source
the date that the webpage was updated and/or cited
total number of screens (or paragraphs, lines, or bytes) of the reference. Precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, e.g. [about 1 screen].
the URL, prefacing it with: "Available from: ...". NOTE: Do not end the reference with a full stop, unless the URL ends with a forward slash.

Images not numbered in the original source

If the illustration is not numbered, give it a number according to its placement on the webpage and enclose it in square brackets. For example, if it is the first illustration in the original source, give it the number 1, e.g. [Figure 1].

If it is the only illustration given in the original source, just use [Figure].

12. National Cancer Institute. Parathyroid cancer treatment (PDQ®)–patient version [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; [Figure 1], Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands; [updated 2017 Aug 18; cited 2017 Oct 11]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/types/parathyroid/patient/parathyroid-treatment-pdq

Copyright information for the Anatomy of the Thyroid image

Images

Image from a library database

In-text citation

If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:

. . . as shown in Figure 3. (16)

Figure 3 (16) shows that . . .

Figure layout

The caption beneath the image should include:

a label and a number. E.g. If it is the third figure in your text, it will be labelled Figure 3.
the description used in the original source
its reference number in parentheses. For example, if it is the 16th source cited in your document, the reference number will be (16).

Figure 3. Graphic of large recurrent disc herniation shows displacement of the nuclear material through a large defect in the posterior annular fibers with effacement of the ventral thecal sac and displacement of the intrathecal nerve roots. (16)

Reference list

The reference list entry includes the following:

the reference number you assigned the illustration in your text
the author/contributor
the title of the illustration
date cited
the figure number (if provided in the source)
the illustration's title used in the source
the type of medium, e.g. [Internet]
the database's publication or copyright date
total number of screens (or paragraphs, lines, or bytes) of the reference. Precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, e.g.[about 1 screen].
the name of the Library database that provided the illustration, prefacing it with: "Available from:".

Images not numbered in the original source

If it is the only illustration given in the original source, just use [Figure].

16. Ross JS. Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. [cited 2017 Sep 05]. [Figure], Graphic of large recurrent disc herniation shows displacement of the nuclear material through a large defect in the posterior annular fibers with effacement of the ventral thecal sac and displacement of the intrathecal nerve roots. In: Imaging Reference Centre [Internet]. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier. 2017. [about 1 screen]. Available from: https://app.imagingreferencecenter.com/.

Note: The above URL ends with a forward slash, so therefore a full stop is added after it.

Images

Image from Creative Commons

In-text citation

If you refer to the illustration in-text, then cite it as you would any other citation, e.g.:

. . . as shown in Figure 4. (17)

Figure 4 (17) shows that . . .

Figure layout

The caption beneath the image should include:

a label and a number. E.g. If it is the fourth figure in your text, it will be labelled Figure 4.
the description or title used in the original source
its reference number in parentheses. For example, if it is the 17th source cited in your document, the reference number will be (17).

Images not given a title in the original source

If an image has not been given a title or a description, e.g. a photograph, create an appropriate title and enter it in square brackets. For example, [Scar tissue on knee].

Figure 4. MRI. (17)

Reference list

The citation in the reference list will include the reference number you assigned the illustration in your text and:

the author of the illustration
the title of the illustration
the medium, i.e. [Internet]
the place of publication
the publisher's name
date of publication: Use the date of publication or date of copyright on the web page/website. If neither can be found, use the date the web page was updated or revised.
date cited: Use the date that you cited or viewed the web page/website.
the URL, prefacing it with: "Available from: ...". NOTE: Do not end the reference with a full stop, unless the URL ends with a forward slash.
Creative Commons license, e.g. CC BY 2.0

17. West L. MRI [Internet]. Mountain View (CA): Flickr.com; 2012 Aug 1 [cited 2017 Oct 1]. [Figure]. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/7694882446 CC BY 2.0

Copyright information for the MRI image

"MRI" Opens in new window by Liz West Opens in new window can be reused under the CC BY 2.0 license. Opens in new window

Other sources

Conference paper - Book

In-text citations

For in-text citations, cite as you would for other references:

In order to improve patient safety, Benham et al. (18) created a Web-based application for use in hospitals.

Reference List

A conference paper in the proceedings of a book is referenced in the same way as a contribution to a book. It begins with the author(s) and title of the paper, followed by a connecting phrase beginning with "In:", the book's editor(s), book title, and conference information. It ends with the publication details of the book and the relevant pagination.

18. Benham SA, Amyot D, Forster AJ, Peyton L, Shamsaei A. Goal-driven development of a patient surveillance application for improving patient safety. In: Babin G, Kropf P, Weiss M, editors. E-technologies: innovation in an open world. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, MCETECH; 2009 May 4-6; Ottawa, Canada. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag; 2009. p. 65-76.

Other sources

Student's own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.

Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration.

The publication Citing Medicine on which this information is based does not provide guidelines on how to cite your own work. The following is based on how to cite dissertations and theses.

If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.

Paraphrasing in-text

For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:

Studies indicate that … (24).

Smith (24) noted that …

According to Smith (24), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (18) …

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the previous work.

"Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders". (24 p3).

Reference List

In the Reference list include:

Student name
Title of previous work
Unpublished paper (in square brackets)
City and Country (in square brackets)
Institution name
Year of previous work
Total number of pages of previous work

24. Smith J. An analysis of personality theory [unpublished paper]. [Melbourne (Australia)]: RMIT University; 2018. 5p.

Other sources

Webpage

In-text citations

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. For example:

A new wheat type has been developed which provides for greater fibre than current types. (13)

Reference List

Note: How to cite a webpage on a website.

Include in the reference list:

Title of the homepage
The medium - in square brackets, i.e. [Internet]
Place of publication
Publisher
Publication date of the webpage (if provided - or date of the website. Usually this is the copyright date.)
Title of the webpage
Date cited (in square brackets)
The number of pages, screens or paragraphs (in square brackets), e.g. [about 1 p.], [about 5 screens], [8 paragraphs].
The URL (prefacing it with "Available from: ").

13. CSIRO [Internet]. Canberra (Australia): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation; c2015-2017. Wheat a kick in the guts for fighting diseases; 2017 Dec 14 [cited 2018 Jan 15]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: https://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-releases/2017/Wheat-a-kick-in-the-guts-for-fighting-diseases?featured=F29EDEB1728C4A92B579C7A5DC28BAD5

Other sources

Webpage document

In-text citations

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book. For example:

Quality management relies on good communication, which is described as "the key to quality". (14 p5)

Reference List

Include in the reference list:

The names of the author(s) or the name of the organisation, corporation or institution
Title of the document
The medium - in square brackets, e.g. [Internet]
Place of publication
Publisher
Publication date of the document, if provided (or date of the website. Usually this is the copyright date.)
Date cited (in square brackets)
The number of pages, screens or paragraphs (in square brackets), e.g. [about 1 p.], [about 5 screens], [8 paragraphs].
The URL (prefacing it with "Available from: ").

14. Institute of Biomedical Science. Guidance on quality management in laboratories [Internet]. London (England): Institute of Biomedical Science; 2015 [updated 2015 Jun; cited 2016 Sep 1]; [8 p.]. Available from: https://www.ibms.org/resources/documents/quality-management-in-laboratories/guidance-on-quality-management-in-laboratories.pdf

Referencing for students: IEEE style

Using IEEE

Introduction to the IEEE referencing style

Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:

Confirm the referencing requirements of your School with your lecturer, and
Use IEEE Reference Guide, Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Periodicals, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://journals.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/IEEE_Reference_Guide.pdf Opens in new window to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication.

The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) citation style is a numbered style where references are numbered [1], [2], [3] in-text and so on in the order of appearance in the body of the document. A Reference List at the end of the work provides full details of all references cited in-text. The references are ordered as they appear in the in-text references (in order of citation, not in alphabetical order). You need to follow this style when acknowledging your information sources.

Additional resources

Download the IEEE referencing guide (DOCX, 74.8 KB, 14 pages) from the

Referencing guides for printing list Opens in new window

IEEE Author Center documents Opens in new window

Using IEEE

General rules for in-text citations

In your writing, you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online) either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.
References that are cited in-text MUST appear as a number within square brackets, and need to come before any punctuation with a space before the bracket.
Numbered references used in-text MUST start at [1] and continue in ascending order within the body of the work.
Once a source has been cited and allocated a reference number, the same reference number MUST be used throughout the body of a work if it's referred to multiple times.
Numbered citations may be treated grammatically as footnote numbers in the text e.g. As demonstrated by Smith [5] . . . OR, For further details, see [1], [5], [7].
Numbered citations may also be treated as nouns in the text e.g. According to [7] . . . OR, As mentioned in [4], [5], [6]-[8] . . . (note the use of the en dash symbol '–' between a source range).
The en-dash symbol should be used between a source range e.g. [6]-[8]. The en-dash is wider than the hyphen and can be typed by holding down Alt + 0150 on the numeric keypad.
List all multiple citations in ascending numerical order e.g. [1], [5], [6]-[8] or as [1,5], [6-8].
It is NOT necessary to mention either the author(s) or dates of any work cited in-text.
If referring to authors in the body of the text, then all author family names must be listed up to two authors. If there are three or more authors, then cite only the family name of the first author followed by et al. for the first and subsequent citations.
When directly quoting, that is using the exact words that an author has used, you must enclose the quote in double quotation marks " " and allocate a citation number along with the page number(s) in square brackets.
In your writing, acronyms should be written out in full the first time referred to, followed by the acronym in parentheses. For subsequent occurrences, the use of the acronym is acceptable. See the Abbreviations section for more details.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. When paraphrasing, it's acceptable to include only the citation as a number in square brackets, or as a number along with the author's family name as part of your sentence.

Note: When paraphrasing, the citation details can be placed at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence.

Citation at the beginning

Benson [1] states that thermal performance . . .

Citation in the middle

. . . not only does the shift toward multicore processors mean more improvements in CPU speed [1], but they also consume less power and produce less heat.

Citation at the end

. . . and therefore the rate of heat transfer slows [1].

Note: Citations can also be structured according to whether they give prominence to the author, or to the information being conveyed.

Author-prominent citations

In his research on software thermal management, Benson [1] claims that . . .

Information-prominent citations

. . . where more processors are being produced to optimise power and thermal performance [1].

Including page numbers in a paraphrase citation

When paraphrasing, page numbers are not usually used as part of the citation, unless it intends to help the reader to locate the source of the information in a lengthy or complex document.

Note: Including page numbers when paraphrasing is optional, and is NOT a requirement of the IEEE referencing style.

Direct quotes

Direct quotes are used when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and add both the citation number followed by a comma, and the page number(s), preceded by p. (for a single page) or pp. (for multiple pages). Do not overuse direct quotes!.

"Due to the nonlinear nature of the Law of Dynamic Power, if the demand on the processor is light, the operating frequency can be reduced to save clock cycles, reducing power and limiting heat generation" [1, p. 82].

Citing a source with no page number(s)

If the work you are referencing does NOT contain page numbers, then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers as part of the in-text reference.

"Many physical dynamic systems can be represented and modeled by first-order differential equations" [1, Ch. 3, para. 1].

Omitting words from a direct quote

If you omit words from a direct quote, you will need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots ( . . . ) and another space.

"The third basic electrical element is the inductor . . . Generally, the induced voltage v in an inductor is proportional to the rate of change of current i" [1, p. 168].

Note: Quotes longer than three lines are strongly discouraged, and should be avoided.

Using IEEE

Citing the same reference multiple times

If citing the same reference within the body of the text, then use the same citation number throughout the text. IEEE does NOT allow for the use of terms such as "ibid." or "op. cit." when citing the same reference multiple times. Instead, if the same source is cited multiple times, then it is preferable to distinguish between these with reference to the appropriate section, for example:

[1, p. 15] when directly quoting a single page
[1, pp. 29–31] directly quoting multiple pages
[1, Ch. 8] referring to a chapter
[1, Fig. 31] a figure
[1, Sec. 6.5] a section
[1, Tab. 12] a table
[1, eq. (7)] an equation
[1, Appendix IV] an appendix
[1, Algorithm 9] an algorithm

Using IEEE

Multiple citations

If listing multiple citations within a sentence of text, then the preferred method is to list each citation number separately, or by inserting a comma or en dash between each number.

List all multiple citations in ascending numerical order e.g. [1], [6], [9]. Or [5-8].

In [1], [4], [8] it was noted that . . .

It is suggested by [6]-[9] that . . .

It is also acceptable for multiple citations to be listed the following way in-text:

Recent studies [1, 2, 5] have noted that . . .

Specific objectives [4-7] indicate that . . .

Using IEEE

Secondary citations

A secondary citation is used when you acknowledge the work of an author that you have read about in another author's work.

The IEEE referencing style does NOT allow for the use of secondary citations.

If a secondary citation has to be used, then the original source MUST be located and cited.

If the original source cannot be located, then do NOT cite it.

Using IEEE

Abbreviations

Month abbreviations

When citing journals, patents and websites, use the following abbreviations for months:

Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. (note that some months appear in full and DO NOT require a full stop).

Use a forward slash for bimonthly issues e.g. Apr./May 2016 and a en dash for a quarterly issue e.g. June–Aug. 2015.

Word abbreviations

Standard IEEE words when used in a reference should be abbreviated. See the Useful Abbreviations in References section of the IEEE Reference Guide (2020) Opens in new window pp. 20–24.

Journal title abbreviations

If referencing any IEEE journal titles, then refer to the IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window document.

Magazine title abbreviations

When referencing IEEE magazine titles, then refer to the IEEE Magazine Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window document.

Conference proceeding abbreviations

When citing conference proceedings, the common rule is to list the author(s), title, name and location (if provided) of the conference and use any standard abbreviations where necessary. For further details, refer to the Conferences and Conference Proceedings section of the IEEE Reference Guide (2020) Opens in new window p. 5.

Publisher abbreviations

For a list of some publisher abbreviations refer to the List of Publishers section of the IEEE Reference Guide (2020) Opens in new window pp. 24–39.

Acronyms in-text

Acronyms are to be defined in-text and written out in full the first time referred to, followed by the acronym in parentheses.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [1] Space Flight report identifies . . .

For subsequent occurrences the use of the acronym is acceptable.

The NASA [1] report also outlines . . .

Acronyms in the reference list

Acronyms in the reference list are to be written out in full for corporate/organisation author names. However, publisher names can be abbreviated or an acronym can be used.

[1] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Space flight: the first 30 years," NASA, Washington, DC, USA, Rep. 1, 1991.

Using IEEE

General rules for the reference list

General rules

Use a reference list to include all of the publications you have acknowledged at the end of your work, and use the heading References or Reference List on a new page.
The reference list is arranged in an ascending numbered sequence such as [1], [2], [3] and so on, and MUST be presented in the order in which they appear in the body of the text.
Reference list numbers should be positioned flush against the left page margin, and the citation details MUST appear on the same line, and be indented.
IEEE requires some words, months, publisher names, conference proceedings and journal titles to be abbreviated where appropriate – see Abbreviations section for further details.
Publisher names in the reference list can be abbreviated or an acronym can be used e.g. WHO may be used instead of World Health Organization.
Do NOT abbreviate or use acronyms for corporate/organisation author names e.g. CSIRO should be written out as Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in the reference list.
Capitalise and italicise titles where appropriate.
Do NOT combine references – only one reference per number. See Example of a reference list section for formatting details.
Include a retrieval statement in the form of a URL (where possible) if the reference is taken from an electronic or online source, or alternatively, where stated in the rules, a database name. There is no full stop after a URL, and the URL should not be hyperlinked.
Take care when editing any references, as this may require careful renumbering of sources cited both in-text and in the reference list.
The Reference List is to be formatted using 1.5 line spacing and single paragraph spacing between each citation. For clarification see your lecturer.

Digital object identifier (DOI)

When citing electronic sources such as e-journal articles or e-books, you MUST include a digital object identifier (DOI) if stated. A DOI is a unique identifier that is assigned to certain electronic sources, and provides a persistent link to online content.

The DOI can be added to the reference list using the following formats:

1. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxx.

2. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxx.

3. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.

If no DOI is assigned, include either the journal/database homepage URL if taken from a library database, or the full URL if taken from a source on the open web.

Note: A full stop should appear at the end of the DOI.

Place of publication

For the place of publication, add the city, and then include the state code (if applicable) and country name, followed by the publisher and year of publication.

Cities in the USA need the city name, state abbreviation and country abbreviation.

Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning, 2017.

Cities in the UK need the city name and country abbreviation.

Oxford, U.K.: Newnes, 2012.

Cities in other countries (outside the USA and UK) just need to include the city name and country.

Carlton South, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1991.

Using IEEE

Example of a reference list

Note: The Reference List is to be formatted using 1.5 line spacing and single paragraph spacing between each citation.

Reference List

[1] J. L. Blackburn, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2014.

[2] H. F. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 7th ed. New York, NY, USA: W. H. Freeman and Co., 2012.

[3] A. A. P. Biscaro, R. A. F. Pereira, M. Kezunovic, and J. R. S. Mantovani, "Integrated fault location and power-quality analysis in electric power distribution systems," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 428-436, Apr. 2016.

[4] S. Shao, J. Bi, F. Yang, and W. Guan, "On-line estimation of state-of-charge of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle using the resampling particle filter," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 32, pp. 207-217, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2014.07.013.

[5] K. A. Burke, "High energy density regenerative fuel cells systems for terrestrial applications," IEEE Aerosp. Syst. Mag., vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 23-34, Dec. 1999.

[6] B. Lin, X. Tang, and X. Huang, "Research on fiber optic gyroscope adaptive filtering algorithm based on FPGA," in Proc. 2015 Int. Conf. Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 1354-1357, doi: 10.1109/62.811091.

[7] Energy Networks Australia, "Judicial review of energy network regulatory decisions." Energy Networks Australia. http://www.energynetworks.com.au/miscellaneous/judicial-review-of-energy-network-regulatory-decisions/ (accessed June 1, 2017).

[8] nottinghamscience, U.K. What is Nanotechnology? (Apr. 15, 2008). Accessed Feb. 22, 2018. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYR8lV23Pow

[9] Y. Ren et al., Microstructures of cold-sprayed titanium before and after heat treatment, vol. 7, CSIRO Data Collection, 2017, doi: http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5913e0247881b.

[10] K. Deby, "Multinode temperature sensor," Aus. Patent 2016102110, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016102110

[11]IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum Access and Other Advanced Radio Communication Systems, 1900.6, IEEE, 2011. [Online]. Available: www.saiglobal/ieee2743287647644

[12] M. Al-Saidi, "A model formulation approach for system support engineering," Ph.D. dissertation, Aero., Mech. and Manuf. Eng., RMIT Univ., Melbourne, Australia, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:161152/Al_Saidi.pdf

Books

Book with single author

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family name.

As discussed in [2], relays are used in everyday life.

Blackburn [2] states that . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Symmetrical components can be called the language of the relay engineer or technician" [2, p. 71].

Blackburn notes that "Symmetrical components can be called the language of the relay engineer or technician" [2, p. 71].

Reference list

When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), or name of organisation/company, Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication.

[2] J. L. Blackburn, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, 4th ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2014.

Books

Book with two authors

Paraphrasing in-text

State both authors using 'and' between the two author family names when citing in-text.

Battery load calculation is discussed in [2].

Bayliss and Hardy [2] state that batteries . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"The load on the battery is calculated from the power consumption characteristics" [2, p. 139].

Reference list

List both authors, separating the two author names with 'and'.

When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:

[2] C. R. Bayliss and B. J. Hardy, Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering, 4th ed. Oxford, U.K.: Newnes, 2012.

Books

Book with three to six authors

Paraphrasing in-text

If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).

Utilisation of digital circuits enables . . . [2].

Radulov et al. [2] discuss the use of digital circuits.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Digital circuits can only be utilized providing an appropriate translation" [2, p. 11].

Reference list

List all authors (up to six), separating the last two author names with 'and'.

When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:

[2] G. Radulov, P. Quinn, H. Hegt, and A. van Roermund, Smart and Flexible Digital-to-Analog Converters. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2011.

Books

Book with more than six authors

Paraphrasing in-text

If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).

Centrifugation is the first process in protein purification [2].

Lodish et al. [2] discuss methods for polymer and particle separation.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Rate-zonal centrifugation has proved to be a practical method for separating many different types of polymers and particles" [2, p. 93].

Reference list

If there are more than six authors listed, use et al. (in italics) after the first author's family name.

When citing books make sure to include the following information where available:

Author initials. Family name, or name of organisation/company, Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication.

[2] H. F. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 7th ed. New York, NY, USA: W. H. Freeman and Co., 2012.

Books

Corporate author

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name/corporate name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the family/corporate name.

Arthropods have exoskeletons that are considered to be . . .[2].

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Entomology [2] consider the exoskeletons of arthropods to be . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Arthropods are metamerically segmented invertebrates" [2, p. 3].

Reference list

Place corporate name in the author position.

When citing a book by a corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:

[2] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Division of Entomology, The Insects of Australia: A Textbook for Students and Research Workers, 2nd ed. Carlton South, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1991.

Books

Translated book

Paraphrasing in-text

The mobility of hydrogen atoms cause . . .[2].

Kupriyanov [2] recommends alternatives to oil and mercury vacuum pumps.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Hydrogen atoms are the simplest donor particles" [2, p. 185].

Reference list

Include the translated title and details such as language directly after the publisher.

When citing a translated book make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher (in Language), Year of Publication.

[2] L. Y. Kupriyanov, Semiconductor Sensors in Physico-Chemical Studies. Burlington, VT, USA: Elsevier Science (in Russian), 1996.

Books

Book chapter (in an edited book)

Paraphrasing in-text

There are two determining factors for the necessary length of insulators [2].

Wagenaar [2] contends that mineral oil . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Mineral oil expands and contracts with temperature" [2, p. 9].

Reference list

When citing a book chapter make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of the chapter," in Title of the Book, Ed., (editor if available), ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication, pp. chapter/s or first and last pages of the article.

[2] L. B. Wagenaar, "Electrical bushings," in Electric Power Transformer Engineering, J. H. Harlow, Ed., 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2012, pp. 1-24.

Books

E-book from a database

Paraphrasing in-text

Handset competition is discussed by [2].

Curwen and Whaley [2] evaluate the complexity of the mobile industry . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"The handset market is extremely competitive" [2, p. 77].

Reference list

When citing e-books from a database make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Place of Publication City, abbrev. U.S. State (if applicable), Country: Publisher, Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: database homepage URL

[2] P. Curwen and J. Whalley, Mobile Telecommunications in a High-Speed World: Industry Structure, Strategic Behaviour and Socio-Economic Impact. Farnham, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Books

E-book from the internet

Paraphrasing in-text

Impulse, step and sinusoid signals are used in the design and analysis of electrical and mechanical circuits [2].

The signals used in the design and analysis of electrical and mechanical circuits are detailed by Scharf [2].

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.

"The sinusoid is an idealized signal that models excitations that oscillate with a regular frequency" [2, Ch. 5, para. 5].

Reference list

When citing e-books from the internet make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of Book, ed. (edition, except the first). Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

[2] L. Scharf, A First Course in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.freetechbooks.com/a-first-course-in-electrical-and-computer-engineering-t1038.html

Journal articles

Journal article with single author

The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of journal titles in a reference. Use IEEE Journal Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.

For example, the official title abbreviation for the International Journal of Advanced Materials Research, as cross-checked in CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window is Int. J. Adv. Mater. Res.

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

A liquid level sensor circuit is designed . . .[3].

Ibrahim [3] carried out tests . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Ibrahim concluded that the "Accuracy of the sensor can be improved by increasing the microcontroller clock frequency or value of the charging resistor" [3, p. 179].

Reference list

When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.

[3] D. Ibrahim, "Development of a low-cost educational liquid-level sensor circuit," International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 168-181, 2015.

Journal articles

Journal article with two authors

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

State both authors, using 'and' between the two author family names when citing in-text.

Atmospheric effects such as rain and fog can affect the transmission of free-space optical signals [3].

Song and Kam [3] contend that atmospheric effects such as rain and fog can affect the transmission of free-space optical signals.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Free-space optical (FSO) communications provide high data rate transmission with higher security and higher flexibility compared with conventional wireless communications." [3, p. 1120].

Reference list

List both authors, separating the two author names with 'and'.

When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.

[3] T. Song and P. Y. Kam, "Robust data detection for the photon-counting free-space optical system with implicit CSI acquisition and background radiation compensation," J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1120-1132, Feb. 2016.

Journal articles

Journal article with three to six authors

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).

Repair time and financial losses can be minimised by using the fault diagnosis system to restore a system to normal operation [3].

Biscaro et al. [3] contend that repair time and financial losses can be minimised by using the fault diagnosis system to restore a system to normal operation.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Biscaro et al. concluded that "The integrated system diagnosis and fault location will assist the electric utility personnel in their daily job in providing important information for operation and maintenance" [3, p. 435].

Reference list

List all authors (up to six), separating the last two author names with 'and'.

When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.

[3] A. A. P. Biscaro, R. A. F. Pereira, M. Kezunovic, and J. R. S. Mantovani, "Integrated fault location and power-quality analysis in electric power distribution systems," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 428-436, Apr. 2016.

Journal articles

Journal article with more than six authors

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

If citing more than two authors in-text, use the first family name listed followed by et al. (in italics).

Simplicity in relation to the SOC estimation process is an important factor for portable devices using a small or single battery [3].

Chun et al. [3] concluded that simplicity in relation to the SOC estimation process is an important factor for portable devices using a small or single battery.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Chun et al. concluded that "In portable devices using a single or small-sized battery, simplicity and low power dissipation of the state of charge estimation process are important factors" [3, p. 262].

Reference list

If there are more than six authors listed, use et al. (in italics) after the first author's family name.

When citing journal articles make sure to include the following information where available:

Author initials. Family name, "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.

[3] C. Y. Chun et al., "Current sensor-less state-of-charge estimation algorithm for lithium-ion batteries utilizing filtered terminal voltage," J. Power Sources, vol. 273, pp. 255-263, Jan. 2015.

Journal articles

E-journal article with a DOI

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

The static characteristics of the battery system are . . .[3].

Shao et al. [3] propose that a battery's temperature, state of health and age can affect . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"The observation equation needs to reflect the static and dynamic characteristics of the battery system" [3, p. 209].

Reference list

When citing e-journal articles with a DOI make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year, doi:.

[3] S. Shao, J. Bi, F. Yang, and W. Guan, "On-line estimation of state-of-charge of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle using the resampling particle filter," Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 32, pp. 207-217, Oct. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2014.07.013.

Journal articles

E-journal article from a library database

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

The United States and Europe contribute to . . .[3].

Blau [3] contends that the United States and Europe contribute to . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"When it comes to the internet, Europe still plays a supporting role to the United States" [3, p. 4].

Reference list

When citing e-journal articles from a library database make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Journal, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year. [Online]. Available: database homepage URL

[3] J. Blau, "Big demand for big data scientists in Europe," Research Technology Management, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 3-6, May/June 2015. [Online]. Available: http://ebscohost.com

Journal articles

E-journal article from the internet

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the journal title, you can spell out the name of the journal title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

The elements in optical systems are outlined in [3].

The waveguide element is claimed as critical by Song and Tan [3].

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Waveguide is one of the key elements on optical systems for the confinement and transmission of light" [3, p. 4].

Reference list

When citing e-journal articles from the internet make sure to include the following information where available:

[3] C. Song and S. W. Tan, "A perspective on the rise of optofluidics and the future," Micromachines, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1-17, May 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/8/5/152

Magazines

Magazine article, print

The IEEE Referencing Style requires the abbreviation of magazine titles in a reference. Use IEEE Magazine Titles and Reference Abbreviations (2018) Opens in new window or the CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Opens in new window to locate the correct abbreviation.

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the magazine title, you can spell out the name of the magazine title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

The plane will have greater payload capacity if the energy storage system is lighter [4].

When considering reduction of payload capacity, Burke [4] concluded that the weight reduction of the energy storage system would be beneficial.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"The lighter the energy storage system, the greater the payload the plane will be able to carry and sustain in flight" [4, p. 33].

Reference list

When citing magazine articles from a print source make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Magazine, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year.

[4] K. A. Burke, "High energy density regenerative fuel cells systems for terrestrial applications," IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 23-34, Dec. 1999.

Magazines

Magazine article, online

Other examples include:

Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices = Adv. Opt. Photonic Devices
Chemistry in Microelectronics = Chem. Microelectron.

Note: If you cannot locate the magazine title, you can spell out the name of the magazine title in full.

Paraphrasing in-text

As mentioned in [4], new machines will be as adaptable as our brains.

It is Rothganger's [4] hypothesis that machines will become more like humans.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Rothganger describes artificial intelligence as "the dream of a thinking machine" [4, p. 24].

Reference list

When citing magazine articles from an online source make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of article," abbrev. Title of Magazine, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), pp. first and last pages of the article, Month (if available) Year. [Online]. Available: name of database

[4] F. Rothganger, "Special report: Can we copy the brain? The dawn of the real thinking machine," IEEE Spectr., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 22-25, May 2017. [Online]. Available: IEEE database

Conferences

Conference paper, published in proceedings

Paraphrasing in-text

Adaptive filtering technology applied to engineering, is based on the implementation of adaptive algorithm [5].

Adaptive filtering technology applied to engineering, is based on the implementation of adaptive algorithm, as Lin, Tang and Huang [5] explain.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

According to researchers, "The realization of adaptive algorithm is the basis of application of adaptive filtering technology to engineering practice" [5, p. 1354].

Reference list

When citing a conference paper that has been published in proceedings make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of paper," in abbrev. Title of Proceedings, Place of Publication, Year (only if not already stated in title), pp. first and last pages of paper, doi:. (if available)

[5] B. Lin, X. Tang, and X. Huang, "Research on fiber optic gyroscope adaptive filtering algorithm based on FPGA," in Proc. 2015 Int. Conf. Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN), Los Alamitos, CA, USA, pp. 1354-1357, doi:10.1109/62.811091.

Conferences

Conference paper, presented (not published in proceedings)

Paraphrasing in-text

Once data packets have come into the internet network, users cannot control the path these packets take, even though users can select an ISP of their own choice [5].

Yang [5] explains that once data packets have come into the internet network, users cannot control the path these packets take, even though users can select an ISP of their own choice.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Today, users can pick their own ISPs, but once the packets have entered the network, the users have no control over the overall routes their packets take" [5, p. 1].

Reference list

When citing a conference paper that has been presented make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of paper," presented at the abbrev. Title and Year of Conference. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

[5] X. Yang, "NIRA: A new internet routing architecture," presented at the ACM SIGCOMM FDNA 2003 Workshop. [Online]. Available: http://www.isi.edu/newarch/DOCUMENTS/yang.nira.pdf

Reports

Report, print

Paraphrasing in-text

The Black Knight program was purposely designed to test the aerodynamic behaviour of re-entry nose cones [6].

The aerodynamic behaviour of re-entry nose cones is discussed by James [6].

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"The surfaces of a boomerang have similar characteristics to an aircraft wing" [6, p. 3].

Reference list

When citing reports from a print source with an author(s) make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report Number/Type (if available), Month Day (if available), Year of Publication.

[6] M. L. James, "A history of Australia's space involvement," Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, Working Paper 241, Nov. 1991.

Reports

Report, print (corporate author)

Paraphrasing in-text

Skylab's features and lifespan are fully discussed in [6].

The Apollo Telescope Mount was the largest piece of scientific equipment on Skylab, according to NASA [6].

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"The ATM had its own electricity-generating solar panels" [6, p. 18].

Reference list

When citing reports from a print source with an corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:

Organisation/company name, "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report Number/Type (if available), Month Day (if available), Year of Publication.

[6] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Space flight: The first 30 years," NASA, Washington, DC, USA, Report 1, 1991.

Reports

Report, online

Paraphrasing in-text

The experimental design described in [6] allowed the engineer to measure the number of words correctly received by each listener.

Catellier and Voran [6] describe the design, implementation and analysis of a speech intelligibility test.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Catellier and Voran state that "There may be negative consequences for speech intelligibility even as it becomes particularly important to coordinate the new personnel" [6, p. 3].

Reference list

When citing reports from an online source with an author(s) make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report Number/Type (if not in title), Month Day, Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

[6] A. A. Catellier and S. D. Voran, "NTIA technical report TR-17-522: Intelligibility of selected speech codecs in frame-erasure conditions," NTIA, Washington, DC, USA, May 5, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/publications/3165.aspx

Reports

Report, online (corporate author)

Paraphrasing in-text

Water supply systems are being impacted due to Victoria's population growth [6].

Water saving initiatives are already being implemented such as large reservoirs, desalination plants and pipelines, according to the Victorian State Government [6].

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

The report states that "a key challenge for engineers is helping protect and enhance our state's biodiversity, together with maintaining the viability of the agricultural sector, which is essential to all Victorians" [6, p.12].

Reference list

When citing reports from an online source with a corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:

Organisation/company name, "Title of report," Publisher, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Report number/Type, Month Day (if available), Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: name of database or site/path/file

[6] State of Victoria (Department of Treasury and Finance), "Victorian state of engineering 2018," Victoria State Government, Melbourne, Australia, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.opv.vic.gov.au/Office-of-Victorian-Chief-Engineer/The-State-of-Engineering

Webpages

Webpage

Paraphrasing in-text

There are two instabilities which contribute to the poor efficiency of lithium-oxygen fuel cells [7].

Fleischman [7] describes the capacity fade which occurs when the electrolyte reacts with the electrodes.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.

Fleischman reports that lithium-oxygen fuel cells are "seen as a promising candidate for future transportation-related energy needs" [7, para. 1].

Reference list

When citing webpages make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s). "Title of Webpage." Title of Website (if available). URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

[7] T. Fleischman. "Stabilizing molecule could pave way for lithium-air fuel cell." CNN.com. https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2017/04/stabilizing-molecule-could-pave-way-lithium-air-fuel-cell (accessed Apr. 30, 2017).

Webpages

Webpage (corporate author)

Paraphrasing in-text

It is reported in [7] that the Australian Energy Regulator (AER) will need to make new decisions regarding gas and electricity network pricing.

Energy Networks Australia [7] concludes that poor regulation will have impacts on service and reliability.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.

Energy Networks Australia reports that "Neither the Court nor the Tribunal took the decision out of the hands of the AER" [7, para. 4].

Reference list

When citing webpages with a corporate author make sure to include the following information where available:

Organisation/company name. "Title of Webpage." Title of Website (if available). URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

[7] Energy Networks Australia. "Judicial review of energy network regulatory decisions." Energy Networks Australia. https://www.energynetworks.com.au/miscellaneous/judicial-review-of-energy-network-regulatory-decisions/ (accessed June 1, 2017).

Audiovisual media

Streaming video / YouTube video

Paraphrasing in-text

Nanotechnology explores how matter is built on a small scale, from atoms to molecules [8].

As explained by nottinghamscience [8], nanotechnology explores how matter is built on a small scale, from atoms to molecules.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: A timestamp is NOT required when directly quoting from this type of source.

"Nanotechnology is not only about making things small, but actually having a new function" [8].

Reference list

When citing a streaming video / YouTube video make sure to include the following information where available:

Video Owner/Creator, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country. Title of Video. Release date (Month Day if available, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year. [Online Video]. Available: site/path/file

[8] nottinghamscience, U.K. What is Nanotechnology? (Apr. 15, 2008). Accessed Feb. 22, 2018. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYR8lV23Pow

Audiovisual media

Video tutorial

Paraphrasing in-text

When software is being developed, it needs to consider new additions, error fixing and an ongoing process of improvement or development [8].

Allardice [8] asserts that when software is being developed, it needs to consider new additions, error fixing and an ongoing process of improvement or development.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: A timestamp is NOT required when directly quoting from this type of source.

As explained in [8, para. 6], "Software development needs to be responsive. We need to add new features, we need to fix bugs, we need to support continual development".

Reference list

When citing a video tutorial make sure to include the following information where available:

[8] S. Allardice, Reviewing Software Development Methodologies. (May 22, 2012). Accessed June 2, 2017. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.linkedin.com/learning?trk=learning-topics_nav-header-logo&upsellOrderOrigin=default_guest_learning

Audiovisual media

Audio podcast

Paraphrasing in-text

At a tiny scale, and contrary to our expectations, material acts differently than at a larger scale [8].

Schiffrin [8] states that at a tiny scale, and contrary to our expectations, material acts differently than at a larger scale.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: A timestamp is NOT required when directly quoting from this type of source.

According to Schiffrin, "We can look at a chunk of material, but at a small scale, and it behaves completely differently than what we might expect" [8].

Reference list

When citing an audio podcast make sure to include the following information where available:

Podcast Owner/Creator, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country. Title of Podcast. Release date (Month Day if available, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year. [Podcast]. Available: site/path/file

[8] A. Schiffrin, Sydney, Australia. Materials go Nano. (Jan. 8, 2017). Accessed May 12, 2017. [Podcast]. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceextra/materials-go-nano/8117286

Other sources

Blog

Paraphrasing in-text

Updating the Kinect software has enabled the creators to track a maximum of 25 body joints; 20% more than the first version, and now including fists and thumbs [9].

Pterneas [9] relates that updating the Kinect software has enabled the creators to track a maximum of 25 body joints; 20% more than the first version, and now including fists and thumbs.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.

"The initial version of Kinect allowed us to track up to 20 body joints. The second version allows up to 25 joints. The new joints include the fists and thumbs!" [9].

Reference list

When citing a blog make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country. Title of Blog. Release date (Month Day if available, Year). Accessed Month Day, Year. [Blog]. Available: site/path/file

[9] V. Pterneas, Kinect for windows version 2: Body tracking, (Mar. 13, 2014). Accessed June 2, 2017. [Blog]. Available: https://pterneas.com/2014/03/13/kinect-for-windows-version-2-body-tracking/

Other sources

Dataset (with a DOI)

Paraphrasing in-text

The generated image [9] shows . . .

Ren et al. [9] generated an image of cold-sprayed titanium.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.

The image displays "3D Compositional distribution of cold spray Ti after HT" [9].

Reference list

When citing a dataset with a DOI make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of dataset, vol. (volume number, if applicable), Publisher, Month Day, Year, doi:.

[9] Y. Ren et al. Microstructures of cold-sprayed titanium before and after heat treatment, vol. 7, CSIRO Data Collection, 2017, doi:https://doi.org/10.4225/08/5913e0247881b.

Other sources

Dataset (with a URL)

Paraphrasing in-text

The use of granular materials creates . . .[9].

Gore [9] discusses the method of freezing and thawing in order to create subsurface channels.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.

"These experiments were extended from 5 f/t cycles to 40 f/t cycles to further explore the trends" [9].

Reference list

When citing a dataset with a URL make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), Title of dataset, vol. (volume number, if applicable), Publisher, Month Day, Year. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

[9] D. Gore, The hydraulic behaviour of permeable reactive barrier materials under freeze-thaw conditions, Australian Antarctic Data Centre, 2005. [Online]. Available: http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/metadata_redirect.cfm?md=ASAC_2576

Other sources

Figures and tables

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets.

The developed fuzzy system cost model is displayed [9].

If citing a Figure in-text: For more details, refer to [9, Fig. 7].

Or, if citing a table in-text: For more details, refer to [9, Tab. 7].

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

"Multiplying the outputs of the four cost models by the weighting factors and summing them up yields an interim level estimation, which is then fed into the fuzzy rule-based inference engine for further processing" [9, p. 32].

Reference list

If citing a figure or table make sure to reference it according to its original source type i.e. book, journal article, report etc.

When citing figures and tables make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of figure/table," abbrev. Title of Publication, vol. (volume number), no. (issue number), p. or pp. page(s) of figure, Month Year of Publication.

[9] Y. Karatas and F. Ince, "Fuzzy system with two inputs and one output," IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., vol. 31, no. 5, p. 32, May 2016.

Other sources

Patent

Paraphrasing in-text

A better multinode temperature sensor is proposed [9].

Deby [9] recognised that improvements are possible.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

Note: If no page numbers are listed then use chapter numbers, section headings and paragraph numbers where appropriate.

"The multi-node temperature sensor probe provides manifold advantages" [9, Desc. Sec.].

Reference list

When citing a patent make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of patent," abbrev. Country (if applicable) Patent Number, Month Day (if available), Year. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

[9] K. Deby, "Multinode temperature sensor," Aus. Patent 2016102110, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2016102110

Other sources

Personal communication

Examples of personal communication include:

Interviews
Conversations
Telephone calls
Letters
Emails

Paraphrasing in-text

Engineers can develop long-term professional partnerships and contribute ideas with others when networking with peers in their industry [9].

Nguyen [9] stresses the importance of engineers developing long-term professional partnerships and contributing ideas with others, when networking with peers in their industry.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.

"Networking with other engineers allows you to build long-term collaborations, as well as share ideas and experiences" [9].

Reference list

When citing a personal communication make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), private communication, Month Year.

[9] L. Nguyen, private communication, Aug. 2016.

Other sources

Standard

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to the organisation in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after the organisation name.

Interoperability between sensors and clients was outlined in [9].

IEEE Standards Association [9] addressed the requirement for new technology.

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide the citation number in square brackets.

Note: Page numbers are NOT required for this format type.

The standard "elaborates on the service access points, service primitives, as well as generic procedures used to realize this information exchange" [9].

Reference list

When citing a standard make sure to include the following information where available:

Title of Standard, Standard Number, Publisher (if applicable), Year. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

[9]IEEE Standard for Spectrum Sensing Interfaces and Data Structures for Dynamic Spectrum Access and Other Advanced Radio Communication Systems, 1900.6, IEEE, 2011. [Online]. Available: www.saiglobal/ieee2743287647644

Other sources

Thesis

Paraphrasing in-text

Uncontrolled events are challenging [9].

The model discussed by Al-Saidi [9] states . . .

Direct quote in-text

When directly quoting, place the quote in double quotation marks " " and provide both the citation number and the page number(s) from the source in square brackets.

According to Al-Saidi, "Uncontrolled events are the supreme challenge that any system designer or operator could face" [9, p. 80].

Reference list

When citing a thesis make sure to include the following information where available:

Author(s) initials. Family name(s), "Title of thesis," Type of thesis (Ph.D. dissertation or M.S. thesis), abbrev. Department, abbrev. University, Place of Publication City, abbrev. US State (if applicable), Country, Year of Publication. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

[9] M. Al-Saidi, "A model formulation approach for system support engineering," Ph.D. dissertation, Aero., Mech. and Manuf. Eng., RMIT Univ., Melbourne, Australia, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:161152/Al_Saidi.pdf

Other sources

Student's own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.

Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window

The publication, IEEE Reference Guide (2020) does not provide guidelines on how to cite your own work. The following examples show how to cite your own work that you have previously submitted for assessment.

If you cite or quote your own previous work, treat yourself as the author and the title of your previous assessment as an unpublished paper.

Paraphrasing in-text

When paraphrasing, include the citation number in square brackets. Or, if referring to your family name in the body of the text, then include the citation number in square brackets immediately after your family name.

For example, if Brad Smith wanted to cite a paper they wrote at RMIT University in 2019, their in-text reference may look like this:

Studies indicate that . . . [9].

Smith [9] noted that . . .

If your original work contained citations from other sources, you would need to include those same citations in the new work as well.

For example, if Brad Smith's earlier paper had cited Nisbet and Rostow, for example, it may look like this:

According to Smith [9], Nisbet and Rostow [18] argue . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the previous work.

"There are three forms of linear graphs: point-slope, standard and slope-intercept" [9, p. 3].

Reference list

In the Reference list include:

Student name
"Title of previous work"
Unpublished
Month and year

[9] B. Smith, "An approach to graphs of linear form," unpublished, Oct. 2019.

Using Chicago author-date

Introduction to Chicago

Important: this is a guide only. To avoid losing marks:

Confirm referencing requirements your lecturer
Use The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010 to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on the 16th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style.

The University of Chicago has developed several editions of the Chicago Manual of Style to aid authors in the preparation of manuscripts, which include referencing styles.

There are two systems outlined by the Chicago referencing style: Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography.

This guide use examples in the author-date system. The author-date system requires in-text citations within the paper, along with a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Additional resources

RMIT University referencing guides (opens in a new window).

A separate guide is available for using the Chicago notes and bibliography style 17th edition (opens in a new window)

Using Chicago author-date

General rules for in-text references

Use in-text references to acknowledge each author or source of information (print or online) used within your writing either by paraphrasing or using a direct quote.
Enclose the author's last name and year of publication in parentheses. Example: (Freeman 2017)
Page number(s) must be cited when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s). Example: (White 2011, 41-43)
When referencing a journal article, include the author's last name, year and a specific page range. Example: (Charlesworth 2008, 72)
For a reference with two or three authors, list the family names and year of publication. Example: (Edwards, Garden and Jennings 2013)
When citing 4 or more authors list the family name for the first author only, followed by et al.. Example: (Freeman et al. 2017)
When editors, translators, or compilers are used as the author, do not include their role (trans., ed., comp.) in the in-text citation.
When the reference list has works by authors with same last name, include their first initial in the in-text citation. Example: (A. Nelson 2015) (B. Nelson 2013)
If an author has published multiple works in the same year, alphabetise the titles in the reference list and then add a, b, c, etc. to the year. (Example: Dickens 2008a) (Dickens 2008b)
To cite more than one reference in a single in-text citation, separate the references by semicolons. If the works are by the same author, use just the year and separate with a comma. Example: (Dickens 2008, 122; Lee 1998)

Using Chicago author-date

Use a reference list to include all of the publications you have acknowledged at the end of your work, and use the heading References or Reference List on a new page.

General rules for the reference list

All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by surname of the first author, or title if no author is identified.
The name of the first author is inverted (i.e., Charles Dickens to Dickens, Charles); subsequent author's names are given in the form in which they appear in the original source publication.
The bibliography should be double spaced and hanging indents used for each entry. A hanging indent is where the first line starts at the left margin and subsequent lines are indented about 5 spaces. There are no line spaces between references.
Italics is the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos. Article and chapter titles are put in double quotation marks.
Capitalisation within the Chicago style requires all major words to be first letter uppercase.

Using Chicago author-date

Example reference list

Below is an example of a reference list displaying various resource types including a book, DVD, journal article, legislation, newspaper article, social media entry and thesis.

Reference List

Bolin, Mary K. 2017. The 21st Century Academic Library: Global Patterns of Organization and Discourse. Cambridge, MA: Chandos Publishing.

Detlor, Brian. 2010. "Information Management." International Journal of Information Management 30, no. 2: 103-08, doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.12.001.

Dickson, Graham. "Immunology: Lecture 4," ONPS2559: Clinical Immunology, (Melbourne, Vic: RMIT University, Aug 3, 2016). Vodcast/Podcast.

Domicile Act 1982 (Commonwealth). Consolidated, July 10, 2008. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/da198283/.

Fenna, Alan. 2004. Australian Public Policy. 2nd ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia.

Hitchcock, Alfred. 2001. "Crop Duster Attack," North by Northwest, DVD. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1959. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video.

McMichael, Tony. 2005. "Rise of Deadly Disease is a Cultural Thing." The Sydney Morning Herald, October 17. Factiva.

Nelson, Renae S., and Philippe Valadon. 2017. "A Universal Phage Display System for the Seamless Construction of Fab Libraries." Journal of Immunological Methods 450 (November):41-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.011.

Stokes, Tim. 2014. "How to Manage a Business." YouTube video, 8:23. Posted November 3. https://youtu.be/cKl-6u8Dcb0

Trask, Steven. 2017. "Adria Village Nursing Home Sanctioned After Aged Care Quality Agency Audit." The Canberra Times, August 29.

Tudor, Ken. 2015. "Protecting Pets in Abusive Human Relationships." The Daily Vet, June 9. http://www.petmd.com/blogs/thedailyvet/ken-tudor/2015/june/pets-abusive-human-relationships-32819

Yousif, Kahlid. 2016. "3D Simultaneous Localization and Mapping in Texture-less and Structure-less Environments Using Rank Order Statistics." Ph.D., RMIT University. https://researchbank.rmit.edu.au/eserv/rmit:161775/Yousif.pdf

Books

Book with single author

In-text paraphrasing

For a reference with one author, list the last name and year of publication.

Total Quality Management seeks to strengthen customer satisfaction by improving procedures, with continuous improvement and monitoring. Change is initiated by management, who provide leadership and a framework for employees to work within (Webb 2008)

In-text direct quote

Page number(s) should be included when using a direct quote. Add a comma then the page number(s) after the author's name and year.

According to Webb (2008, 22) Total Quality Management "...placed strong emphasis on good and visionary leadership, with management being responsible for initiating change".

Reference list

Author's Last name, First name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.

Webb, Jela. 2008. Strategic Information Management: A Practitioner's Guide. Oxford: Chandos.

Books

Book with two or three authors

In-text paraphrasing

For a reference with two or three authors, list the last names and year of publication.

Marketing research concentrates on peoples' changing preferences and what influences them (Megginson, Byrd & Megginson 2000)

Reference list

The name of the first author is inverted and subsequent author's names are given in the form in which they appear in the original source publication.

Author #1's Last Name, Author #1's First Name, and Author #2's First and Last Names. Year. Title of the Book: Sub-Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.

Megginson, William L, Mary Jane Byrd, and Leon C. Megginson. 2000. Small Business Management: An Entrepreneur's Guidebook. 3rd ed. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

Books

Book with four or more authors

In-text paraphrasing

When citing four or more authors list the last name for the first author only, followed by et al.

Making uncertain decisions risk the possibility of undesired results (Bartol et al. 2011)

Reference list

Author #1's Last Name, Author #1's First Name, Author #2's First and Last Names, Author #3's First and Last Names and Author #4's First and Last Names, Year. Title of the Book : Subtitle of Book. Edition Number. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.

Bartol, Kathryn, Margaret Tein, Graham Matthews, Bishnu Sharma, and Brenda Scott-Ladd. 2011. Management Foundations: A Pacific Rim Focus. 3rd ed. North Ryde, NSW: McGraw-Hill Australia.

Books

Book with an edition number

In-text paraphrasing

In-text citations do not include the edition number of a book.

Decision making resembles a mathematical mapping of input parameters into output decisions. All input parameters are premises with a value, which, when mapped together creates an output: the decision (Kizza 2014).

Reference list

Include the edition number followed by the abbreviation "ed." after the book title. There is no need to include edition information if no edition is mentioned.

Author's Last name, First name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.

Kizza, Joseph Migga. 2014. Computer Network Security and Cyber Ethics. 4th ed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

Books

Book chapter from an edited book

In-text citations

In citations from a chapter in an edited book, include the chapter author(s) and year.

Design can be a circular process where new ideas come into being, with the outcome often evading description until after the event (Glanville 2016).

Reference list

Chapter Author's Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Chapter". In Title of Book, Editors(s) names, ed., chapter page range. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.

Glanville, Ranulph. 2016. "Design Prepositions". In Design as Research: Positions, Arguments, Perspectives, edited by Gesche Joost, Katharina Bredies, Michelle Christensen, Florian Conradi and Andreas Unteidig, 153-165. Basel: Birkhauser.

Books

Book with organisation as author

If a publication issued by an organisation, association or corporation carries no personal author's name, the organisation may be listed as the author followed by the year of publication.

In-text paraphrasing

Standards and binding styles for magazines, journals and other printed publications can vary, and it is up to the binder to ensure a style that is fit for purpose is selected, and the standard is met (Australian Government Publishing Service 1995).

Reference list

Name of Group/Organisation. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name.

Australian Government Publishing Service. 1995. Australian Print Standards. Canberra: AGPS Press.

Books

Electronic book

In-text paraphrasing

The in-text citation for an electronic book should be the same as a printed book.

"Regenerative Development" recognises the connections between environmental, social and economic elements and their relationship to each other (Edwards 2010, 89)

Reference list

Author's Last name, First name. Year. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name. Media marker.

Edwards, Andres R. 2010. Thriving Beyond Sustainability: Pathways to a Resilient Society. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers. ProQuest eBook Central.

Journal articles

Journal article (electronic)

In-text paraphrasing

When referencing a journal article include the author's last name, year and a specific page range. Electronic sources do not always include page numbers - for such works it may be appropriate to cite a paragraph number or section heading.

While digital technology can be used to enhance care, it is important that systems and processes are considered and in place before the addition of technology (Binks 2017, 479).

Reference list

Chicago recommends the addition of a URL or DOI following the citation.

The DOI is preferable to a URL; use the URL address if no DOI assigned.
DOI in lowercase followed by colon, no space.

Author's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Title of Publication vol no, issue no: page number(s). doi:

Binks, Rachel. 2017. "District Nursing in the Digital Era." British Journal of Community Nursing 22, no. 10: 478-483. doi: 10.12968/bjcn.2017.22.10.478.

Journal articles

Journal article (print)

In-text paraphrasing

When referencing a journal article include the author's last name, year and a specific page range.

. . .identifies internet technologies to support learning (Parikh 2002, 31).

Parikh (2002, 31) argues that. . .

Reference list

Author's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Article Title." Title of Publication vol no, issue no: page number(s).

Parikh, Mihir. 2002. "Utilizing Internet Technologies to Support Learning: An Empirical Analysis." International Journal of Information Management 22, no. 1: 27-46.

News sources

Newspaper article (print)

In-text paraphrasing

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.

According to Carey (2015) gas prices. . .

Gas prices in Victoria have increased due to shortages in supply (Carey 2015).

In-text direct quote

Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry.

Carey (2015, 2) states "The Coalition's argument is straight-forward; gas prices are too high because there is a gas shortage, but will fall once more gas is made available".

Reference list

Author's Last name, First name. Year. "Article Title," Publication Name, date.

Carey, Adam. 2015. "Gas Wars Fire up in Victoria as Consumers Feel the Heat", The Age, October 15.

News sources

Newspaper article (online/database)

In-text paraphrasing

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.

In-text direct quote

Sources such as webpages or online newspaper articles do not always include page numbers - for such works it may be appropriate to cite a paragraph number or section heading. For example, Smith (2018, para. 2) notes. . .

Reference list

Author's Last Name, First name. Year. "Article Title," Publication Name, Date of issue. URL.

Hannam, Peter. 2017. "How Twin Bursts of 'Unprecedented' Early-season Heat Scorched Eastern Australian." The Sydney Morning Herald, October 7, 2017. http://www.smh.com.au/environment/weather/how-twin-bursts-of-unprecedented-earlyseason-heat-scorched-eastern-australia-20171003-gyttd7.html.

News sources

News broadcast

In-text paraphrasing

Cite as you would for a book - for example "...the populist leader Sebastian Kurz, the world's youngest foreign minister, could become the world's youngest head of government at the age of 31" (Miller 2017).

Reference list

Writer/presenter. "News Item Title". Program Title. Network. Date Broadcast. Type of broadcast.

Miller, Barbara. "New Face set to keep Austrian Conservatives in Power." Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Thursday October 12, 2017. Television broadcast.

News sources

News broadcast (online or in a database)

In-text paraphrasing

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.

In-text direct quote

Sources such as webpages or online newspaper articles don't usually have page numbers. If you are quoting from these sources, it is necessary to use a paragraph number instead e.g. Smith (2018, para. 2) notes. . .

Reference list

Writer/presenter."News Item Title". Program Title. Network. Date Broadcast. Type of broadcast. URL.

Long, Stephen. "Few Developments in Australia Have Aroused as Much Passion, as the Proposal by Indian Mining Colossus, Adani to Build a Giant Coal Mine in Queensland's, Galilee Basin." Four Corners. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Monday 2 October, 2017. Television Broadcast. http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/documentSummary;res=TVNEWS;dn=TSM201710020142.

Audiovisual material

DVD/VHS

In-text citation

The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.

To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma.

This was the crucial moment of the movie (Rowling and Columbus 2001, 00:34:45).

Reference list

Producer's Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Production. Medium. Directed by Director(s). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Rowling, Joanne. K. and Chris Columbus. 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. DVD. Directed by Chris Columbus. Neutral Bay, NSW: Warner Bros. Entertainment Australia.

Audiovisual material

Podcasts/Vodcasts

In-text citation

The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.

To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).

Reference list

"Title of podcast/vodcast," Year, Program, Medium, Date. URL.

"Episode 01: The Alibi." 2014. Serial, podcast audio, October 3. https://serialpodcast.org/season-one.

Audiovisual material

Radio broadcast

In-text citation

The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.

To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).

Reference list

Producer's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Episode." Title of Series, episode number, date aired. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Zsivanovits, Karin. "Julia Gillard Calls for More Preventative Mental Health Care," Big Ideas, aired 12, October 2017. (South Australia: ABC Radio National, 2017). Radio broadcast.

Audiovisual material

YouTube (or similar video)

In-text citation

The creator/producer family name and year is needed for an in-text citation.

To quote from audio-visual material use the format HH.MM:SS as a pinpoint, preceded by a comma e.g. Smith (2016, 00:21:18).

Reference list

Poster's Last Name, First Name. Year. Title, online video, Running length time. URL.

Stokes, Tim. 2014. How to Manage a Business. YouTube video, 8:23. https://youtu.be/cKl-6u8Dcb0.

Webpages and social media

Website

In-text citation

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.

For a website/blog post with no author, the title should be used instead.

If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number instead.

"The facade is dramatic but also mysterious, faceless, presenting white-painted brick and pine battens and with no visible openings" (Scrubt 2017, para. 3).

Reference list

Author. Year. "Title of Webpage." Website name (owning organisation), Date viewed/accessed. URL.

Scrubt, Mark. 2017. "Iceberg Palace: Halo House." ArchitectureAU, accessed September 30, 2017. https://architectureau.com/articles/halo-house/.

Webpages and social media

Blog post

In-text citation

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.

For a website/blog post with NO author, the title should be used instead.

If directly quoting from a source without a page number, use a paragraph number instead.

There are many emerging literacies in academic libraries (Webber 2017).

Reference list

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Blog. "Title of Blog Post," (blog). Date posted, Date accessed. URL.

Webber, Sheila. Information Literacy Weblog. "Call for Proposals: Emergent Literacies in Academic Libraries," (blog). October 10, 2017, accessed January 17, 2018. http://information-literacy.blogspot.com.au/2017/10/call-for-proposals-emergent-literacies.html.

Reports and standards

Government report

In-text citation

Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.

Organisations may be identified by an abbreviation, if appropriate - e.g., ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics).

Reference list

Name of Group/Organisation. Year. Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher's Name. URL.

CSIRO. 2015. Climate Change in Australia: Projections for Australia's NRM Regions. Canberra: CSIRO. https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/media/ccia/2.1.6/cms_page_media/168/CCIA_2015_NRM_TechnicalReport_WEB.pdf.

Reports and standards

Standards

In-text paraphrasing

Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.

Reference list

Standard Issuer Name. Year. Standard Title. Publisher (Standard Number).

Standards Australia. 2007. Temporary Fencing and Hoardings. SAI Global (AS 4687-2007).

Reports and standards

Australian Bureau of Statistics

In-text citation

Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.

Census data summary provides a snapshot of Australian population (ABS 2016).

Reference list

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). Year. Title of Report. Cat. No._____. Place of Publication, Publisher. URL.

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2016. Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census. Cat. No. 2071.0. Canberra: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2071.0.

Reports and standards

Patent

In-text citation

Cite as you would for a book. Include a page number for an in-text citation if it's a direct quote.

Reference list

Patent owner's Last Name, First Name. Year. Patent title. Patent Number, file Month Day, Year and issued Month Day, Year.

Cook, Fred C., and William H. Donaldson. 2010. Mega Yacht Mass Tracking System with Articulating Sail Feeder. US Patent US20100282152A1, file May 7, 2009, and issued November 11, 2010.

Other sources

Fact sheet

In-text citation

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.

The information from the government was not clearly evident (Office of the Australian Information Commissioner 2011).

Reference list

Author's Last Name, First Name or Organisation Name. Year. Fact Sheet Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. URL.

Office of the Australian Information Commissioner. 2011. FOI fact sheet 3: What information does the government hold?. Sydney: Australian Government. https://www.oaic.gov.au/freedom-of-information/foi-resources/foi-fact-sheets/foi-fact-sheet-3-what-information-held.

Other sources

Lecture notes

In-text citation

For in-text citations, cite as you would for a book.

The lecture presented data communication and net-centric computing (Fry 2016).

Reference list

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Lecture." Format. URL.

Fry, Andrew. "Lecture 2 - Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing". COSC1111: Data Communication and Net-Centric Computing (Melbourne, RMIT University, March 8, 2016). Powerpoint presentation. https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/set/Courses/Content/CSIT/oua/cpt250/chapter/02/documents/L2Internetworking.pdf.

Other sources

Images/photographs from the Web

In-text citation

You must reference all photographs and images used in your assignments.

When referring to an image in the text of your essay, give a short citation consisting of the name of the artist/creator/author and the date.
When reproducing an image, a caption should be placed below the image with a citation.

Figure 3: "The Elephant Walks at Night" (Pinkston 2017)

Reference list

Author's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title/description of Image/Photograph". Format. URL.

Pinkston, Wayne. 2017. "The Elephant Walks at Night". Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/pinks2000/38054867995/in/explore-2017-12-09/.

Other sources

Personal communication

Examples of personal communication include:

interviews
conversations
telephone calls
letters
emails

In-text citation

Personal communications, including email, text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.

"There was no indication of any sickness" (V. Smith, personal communication September 10, 2017).

Reference list

Information obtained from personal communication does NOT need to be included in the reference list, and should only be referenced in-text.

Other sources

Student's own work

You should include the use of scholarly sources in your written assessments to adhere to best academic integrity practice. Citing yourself as an authority on your own opinion should be avoided.

Note: Check first with your lecturer, or teacher, if it is permissible to cite your previously submitted work.

Remember that when submitting work, you will be asked to agree to the Assessment Declaration. Opens in new window

If you cite or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your own previous course work as an unpublished paper.

Paraphrasing in-text

For example, if Jane Smith wanted to cite a paper she wrote at RMIT University in 2018 her in-text reference may look like this:

Studies indicate that . . . (Smith 2018).

Smith (2018) noted that . . .

According to Smith (2018), psychologists such as Presley and Johnson (2009) . . .

Direct quote in-text

Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number from the previous work.

'Risk taking behaviours align neatly with certain personality traits or disorders' (Smith 2018, 3).

Reference list

In the Reference list include:

Student name
Year of previous work
Title of previous work (between double inverted commas)
Unpublished paper
Institution name
Location (if not inferred by University name)

Smith, Jane. 2018. "An analysis of personality theory", Unpublished paper, RMIT University, Melbourne.

Reference Reauirements for Posting Movie Picture

Source: https://www.lib.rmit.edu.au/easy-cite/